Natural And Man Made Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Natural And globe Made Pollution Environmental Sciences EssayPollutions atomic number 18 two types. The natural and Man Made. The natural pollution is caused and produced naturally and will not affect our environment because of its regeneration ability. The Man made pollution is being made by earth and have huge affect on our environment and definitely ourselves. The reason of increase the pollution daily is because of raising of population of the world since it is getting medium-larger there is need to contact to the environment to fork all over the necessaries of clements. By developing the new technologies and using them to reach and discover new resources people have had a bad affect on the planet. It is clear that the small population with new technologies will not affect the environment or if it is affecting it is not that very much an bathroom be controlled while huge population by using the technologies will clearly have bad results for the planet.Pollution is cha mpion of the major geld and concern. It has not been happened recently or accidently. It is humans mistake since long years back and has been beside us since many years ago . We must be clever try hard to save our energies and resources and we have to have a good management and programs to protect the resources that we be using nowadays which we might not have them in coming years. We should use them usefully and try to prevent any type of pollution to our Environment and save the earth and resources for our future and provide a better living place. In General There are 6 ( Six ) types of pollution . Which we are going to discuss about quartet of them that it is believed to be the major ones.Air PollutionWater PollutionRadioactive PollutionRADIATION POLLUTION beam of light is any kind of ionizing and nonionizing radiation that is caused by human activity. Nuclear fountain generating plants are the well known source of generating radiation however there is other ways in which rad iation is overly emitted like any nuclear devices, medical X rays microwaves and experimental research laboratories. only the amount of radiation that are emitted is considerably less than the nuclear power generator plants but is nuclear plants the amount of radiation al always under the check by the workers and specialists. In case that the radiation level is increasing in nuclear reactors the specialists will shut down the reactor or decrease the nuclear chain reaction. (Radiation, library.Thinkquest, 2011)Radiation has bad effects on both land and human health. The land that is exposed to radiation will not be unfertile and if something grows on the land will have considerably gamey amount of radiation in the fruits and vegetables which is really bad for human health to consume. Radiation takes hundreds of years to vanish. If a person is exposed to radiation it is very austere and can lead to cancer, anemia, burns and vomiting. In some cases the genetic disorders are caused by radiation such(prenominal) as mutation over long terminus of time mostly in off springs. The effect of radiation to human health depends on the amount of radiation that the person is exposed to and there is similarly many more such as the length of exposure, kind of radiation, age, and the individuals health and also exposed body parts. Nowadays exposure to radiation is minimal because of technical advancement. However it can come from damaged nuclear plants, accidents from transporting of nuclear fuel and wastes. (The effects of radiation, biology-online, 2011)Nuclear wastes must be stored in heavily shielded shut containers and be stored in areas away from biological habitats the safest storage sites are in deep caves or abandoned salt mines.To avoid radiation prevent over exposure to x-rays and CT scans, avoid living near nuclear plants or stay there for too long and stay clear of radioactive strongs and elements. Radiation exposure is a real danger. As Japan is battling i ts worst nuclear crisis. Radiation leakages threaten the health of the entire humanity. In Time Magazine, Prof. John K.C. Leung gives advice on radiation exposure how to avoid radiation exposure. Remember nuclear radiation exposure can travel through clouds. It doesnt really matter where you are. If the radioactive atomic materials can travel through air, then it can go anywhere.(According to newsbalita, 2011). John K.C. Leung explains that the general protocol for those who find themselves in danger of exposure to nuclear material should stay indoors the walls will provide some measure of protection from the radiation, close the windows and doors plus turn off the ventilation system.Various people oblige nuclear experimentation and suggest that by the help of technological advancements and the above safety precautions, radiation pollution/exposure can be controlled and avoided for example jibe to (biology-online, 2011)Today, high level exposure is very rare due to the advancem ent of technology. It could come from defective or badly damage nuclear plants, ammunitions of factories, and nuclear war. However radiation moves everywhere and its hard to contain for example experts say radiation can travel through clouds. It doesnt really matter where you are. If the radioactive atomic materials can travel through air, then it can go anywhere (newsbalita, 2011)Water pollutionWater pollution is an undesirable change in the state of pissing, which contains harmful substances. It is an important environmental issue like Air pollution .Water pollution is the physical, chemical and biological properties of water which contains harms other living organisms. Polluted water is indispose for drinking and for other consumption purposes. Since its polluted, it harms human beings and other living organism which use water as it contains viruses, bacteria, intestinal parasites and other harmful microorganisms. It also causes diesis such as diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid. Due to pollutants entire ecosystem gets disturbed infected.The causes of pollution are disease-causing agents. These are bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms that enter sewage systems and untreated waste, oxygen-demanding wastes which can be decomposed by oxygen-requiring bacteria. Oxygen levels in the water depletes when large amount of decomposing bacteria converts, which becomes the causes of death of other organisms in the water, such as fish.Another pollutant of water is water-soluble inorganic pollutants, such as acids, salts and toxic metals. Large quantities of these compounds make the water unfit for drink and cause death of aquatic life.Nutrients are also water pollutants, they are water-soluble nitrates and phosphates that cause excessive growth of algae and other water plants, which deplete the waters oxygen supply. Its dangerous as, it kills fish and might kill child if found in drink water.Water Pollution CausesAlthough certain natural processes may cause s ome of the water pollution, however, the largest cause of our seas, rivers and lakes getting polluted is the human activity. We use water every day both in our industries and at homes. We get this water from groundwater sources, rivers, and lakes, and after using it, and often contaminating it, most of this water gets back into the rivers, lakes, and oceans. (Water treatment purification, 2009)A major problem in developing countries is the disposal of sewage, as there is no adequate sanitation in large areas, thus carrying disease causing bacteria and viruses into sources of water. In countries that are developed, people often flush pharmaceutical and chemical products into their toilet. (Water treatment purification, 2009)Air pollution centre in the air that cause harm to humans and the environment are known as air pollutants. Pollutants can be in form of substantial particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.Pollutants can be classified a s primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or southward dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. They form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone, one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary that is, they are both emitted directly and organise from other primary pollutants.(Pollution Greenhouse gas)Air

Increasing Floorspace Construction Plan

Increasing Floorspace Construction PlanAfter the negotiation of the final contract, EID was containn the authorization to begin the task.But there was no globe notice to proceed and the duration of the ramble was not closely monitored or contractu solelyy specified.In the appointment of an owners representative during the envision phase, to expedite owners decisions and approvals, Mr. Ian Leadbetter, a mechanically skillful and softw be engineer, was appointed as the owner representative even though he lacked go for focal point training and experience.Failures in submittal reviews Mr. Leadbetter was occupied with the software increment and did not have a measuring stickized branch in place for the approval of submittals and other key shake off management owner processes. innovation process failures There was no process that was in place to deal with the expansion of the issue train. This change caused the software aspiration micturate that was executed to be fling r esulting in Mr. Ledbetters need to focus on redesign of the software and not on his duties of facilitating and communicating information amidst all discussion sectionies. Since there were no processes on order for submittal reviews and approvals, there was a signifi nett delay in the delivery of the intersection train equipment.During the winding phase, there were numerous problems that resulted including inter-coordination of shop drawings to design causing the structure of the building to be designed five feet less than necessary for the mathematical product train, owner representatives conducting business with subcontractors without the contractor being present, and other problems with process and skillful management. There was no communications plan in place for the project.Failures in completion enumeration and getting occupancy consent tos There were delays due to a lean of shortfalls in the project management system. The management failed to hold EID accountable fo r project completion and closeout causing delays in schedule. EID did not provide the building occupation permit nor did they comply with scheduling requirements for utility tie-ins causing several weeks in lost production.b.The real objectives of Woody were as fol embarrassedsIncrease the production capacity by 25%Increase the flooring of the production plantInstall air conditioningInstall dust free blushering and finishing shopAdd superfluous compressor capacityCompletely install a semi-automatic wood working production trainRenovate the President and Vice-Presidents officese.The projects success buns be gauged by their shackle to cost, prison term, usage of resources and flavor standards.Cost Maximum cost allowed was $ 17 one thousand thousand. Having a cut back over the budget, without any deviations would be success criteria.Time The maximum time allowed for the project was 18 months. Any deviation from this would reflect poorly.Quality Adherence to both product and proc ess whole step would be important. Product quality piece of ass be obtaind by the Conditions of Satisfaction established by the customer, in this case the management board of Customs Wood Work. The second quality standard drop be measured by the criterion set by the project squad up in order to obtain the final product. edge quality has to be give riseed at every stage.2. find out ScopeSet up in 1954, Custom Wood Works had diversified into the manufacturing of made-to-order kitchen and keister cabinets, furniture for wholesalers/retailers along with its traditional offering of customized furniture. The company had even occupyn up sub contract work supplying installing counter overstep and cabinets for commercial constructions.With the mini-boom in the construction industry, Custom Wood Works was set to expand its manufacturing business. The company was looking to enter the field of manufacturing by computer controlled automation. To give a certain grandeur to this strateg y, the offices of the President and the Vice-President were being refurbished.The scope of the project includes increasing the floor space available to the company with a focus on increasing the companys production capacity by 25%. It also includes setting up of a new semi-automatic wood working production train complete with air-conditioning facilities and a dust free painting shop. The project even includes renovation of the President and Vice-Presidents office.The additives to Woodys project plan should include Sales AssessmentAn assessment of perpetrate sales contracts and communicate contracts should be done to get wind that production can still be agree during proposed construction and that customer demands for scheduling and delivery requirements are met. There should be a strategic planning session which includes administration, sales, and production to ensure a high standard for customer satisfaction during proposed construction process.A detailed sales and marketing p lan should be prepared and should have contingency planning in case the market falls in a certain sector.Process and Recommended PMLC modelA complete systems flow should be developed to include document, task and schedule responsibility, and allow for the integrated coordination between the owner, design and construction teams, and governing agencies. A Woody 2000 project steering committee should be formed that includes the administrator management team and key leaders of the project.strategic planning and focus groupsA systematic strategic planning session with various groups in the organization should be organized. Sub focus group which includes finance, production and administration should be formed. All meetings would have very detailed meeting minutes to include new and old business, pending issues and accountability milestones. A task-tracking record can be maintained in distributively of the key discip tasks.Evaluate Design and ConstructabilityValue engineering, systems analysis, interior and exterior specialation selections, weapons platform requirements, and overall design emergence coordination should be included. Existing production output should be reviewed along with new technologies and the affect upgraded machinery would have on production. Existing production capability should be maintained in order to service existing clients. render sequencing and mobilizationA complete interfacing of the Woody 2000 project program requirements with the existing operations to determine various solutions for construction mobilization should be included.Pre-construction scheduleWoodys executive team should be included in the overall development of the pre-construction schedule with related tasks and accountability time lines. A mobilization plan essential be completed in order to ensure that the existing production lines can be maintained without interruption.Financial Performa and feasibilityVarious alternatives to the proposed expansion including Fin ancial Performa, implications of proposed construction, system for programming spaces, methodologies for hiring of design and construction teams, design development process, implementation process, cost controls, and quality control procedures, should be developed.Contractor selection methodologyA militant bidding process for the selection of the General Contractor should be followed. A preconstruction conference would be held in which the construction documents would be handed out and the project parameters be discussed and established with contractors.b.Woodys plan in managing the project included the followingAppointing Spencer Moneysworth as the Project LeadInviting Expert Industrial Developers to quote on the construction.A monthly bullion flow was developed by Kim Cashman.Mr. Leadbetter was appointed to take over the periodical running of the project.Various vendors like Piecemeal Corporation etc. were appointed to supply the necessities for the impending construction.The i nstallation of the mechanical equipment in the dust free paint shop was given to Amos Dent of Tinknockers Associates.The local inspection authority was asked to intervene and check for contour with the regulatory policies.An additional line of project financing was open up to meet the escalated costs, because of the delay in completion.An expensive marketing strategy was launched to win back the lost customers.For post project appraisal, project management advisor W. Easley Associates were retained.A new and improved project management plan should include the following Programming guidelines1.Design reviewReview Architectural and Engineering Design Services Agreements and ensure that these agreements have definitive date constraints and design to budget parameters.2.Review Programming Objectivesa. fix the Woody team overall desires, intentions, goals and objectives for their expansion and develop a complete needs assessmentb. Con solid the long range facility strategies and the n ecessary sales and marketing strategies needed to keep the new production train generative for its proper production to payback ratio.3. Review Programming Documentsa. Confirm the assessment and audit of Owners existing facilities and determine specific needs to projected revenues.Review existing operations to ensure that production is not affected by the construction process.b. Ensure the Owners facility needs are fully attested by the use of a program manual and needs assessment log.d. co-ordinate with the executive team the overall requested program to decipher between needs and wants and obtain necessary approvals.4. Review/Maintain Overall Project cipher (OPB)a. Confirm the Owners needs and constraints regarding overall project budget and develop compact budgeting throughout design development phase.b. Confirm coordination of the budget with the program to insure sufficient funds are set aside and that the sequencing of work is in line with projected cash flow.c. Determine c ash flow requirements and projections for the duration of the master schedule and coordinate with the finance office.d. Prepare periodic reports to document the planned cash flow versus actual cash flow and report to the Woody 2000 executive steering committee.5. Review/Maintain Overall Project Schedule (OPS)a. Validate the precedent schedule and expand the final project schedule and identify study milestones and the critical path for project.b. Validate major team members needs, responsibilities and detailed scheduling of team members work including owner supplied equipment, subcontractors, and the entire project workforce.6. Review Site Due Diligence7. Zoning Surveys organise and confirm approvals for proper permitting.a. Transportation Confirm the emergency of a traffic management plan to ensure that the 850 existing employees have ample parking and are not affected by the construction.b. Legal restrictions Confirm approvals for equipment and new paint shop area.c. Envir onmental reports Soils investigation Confirm that all soils reports are sufficient for the new building footers and structure.e. Existence and capacity of utilities and infrastructure Coordinate with the appropriate utility companies to confirm that all expanded utilities are scheduled properly and without delay.f. Determine applicable government and community agency requirements, approvals and permit.b.Design Process1.Confirm procurance Agreements Design Servicesa. Confirm list of consultants, contractors and vendors whose services may be required in the purchasing of design services.b. Monitor the development of agreements to be awarded to successful bidders, all required contracts must be based on hard numbers or guaranteed maximum pricing.2.Performance Compliancea. Coordinate the specification of materials with the Owners needs there should be careful consideration given to the production train equipment.b. With the design consultants, develop procedures for material testin g and test reporting.3. consultant Coordinationa. Monitor the coordination of consultants and vendors in such areas as the production train equipment and other specialized equipment necessary for the expansion space.4.Program and Design Compatibilitya. Confirm with the design consultants that the evolution designs are compatible with the program, master schedule, master budget and quality expectations.b. Confirm with the design consultants that the design as developed is compatible with the Owners needs.5.Submittalsa. Monitor design submittals and approvals.6. indemnificationa. Confirm that design consultants have and maintain insurance in accordance with the Owners needs.7.Cost Controla. Manage procurement of conceptual estimates of construction costs.b. Assist with time value engineering ideas.8.Financinga. Assist Owner with developing a process for managing use of the contingency fund.b. Make adjustments as necessary to project current and hereafter cash flows.4. Qualitya. Mai ntaining quality in this case, includesAdherence to procedures and processesEnforcement of the processesIssuance of completion certificatesProcedures and processesQuality assurance of The Woody 2000 project can only be established through proactive involvement of the management team, interaction with the Owner, and design personnel. The tools to come upon the same includeDesign reviews-Constructability reviews value analysisSubmittal control and approvalPre-construction meetings for major building componentsPartnering Sessions at key intervals of the project to clarify project standards and goalsEducating trade contractors in the QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) requirements of the project.Quality assurance and control of the Construction theatre director and subcontractors and in field operations should begin during the design phase to determine that the contract requirements are clearly understood by all parties. Periodic inspections must be conducted to ensure that all items are in conformance, or that non-conforming items are corrected.EnforcementA regular quality inspection process should be documented. If the quality program is not implemented properly, a notice should be given to the parties involved, calling for an immediate resolution.3.Review and issuing completion certificateAs certain phases of the project are completed, a list of expected deliverables should be given to the contractors. The subcontractors are expected to cross check the expected deliverables with the actual deliverables and call in the quality team for a review. On successful completion fo the review, the completion certificate may be given to the contractor.b.Leadbetter didnt invoke the quality specifications as he had not been trained in project management experience and lacked the desired skills. The result of it were the following The specification of the production train was changed to increase capacity resulting in the rewriting of the software. This increased debugging at the start-up.Review and approval procedures for the various specifications and drawings were not taken, because of which there was a delay in getting the approval. variety show in the production plans made it imperative to add another 5 feet to the length of the building.Delay in receiving and reviewing the catalogue descriptions and other specifications.Failure to meet the local environmental compliance standards, as set by the inspection authority.Building occupation certificate couldnt be obtained.Owners inspection and dry-run tests of the production train couldnt be performed.Customer delivery dates were mazed and general contractors cancelled their orders.Depletion in the finished goods inventory and hence loss of face and sales opportunities.Resultant delay in the completion of the project, ensured that costs escalated and required an additional line of financing to be opened up.c.The importance of quality for such a project is because of the following reasons En sures minimum re-work.Would ensure complete usage of the resourcesThe project would be under the stipulated budget.Proper quality would refer to compliance of standards and procedures.The project can be completed indoors the stipulated time.8. Communication and People chargea. Organization ChartProject Chartb.Leadbetter when appointed to take care of the project lacked the knowledge which would have made him an indispensable part of the project. He lacked project management training and experience. He did not have any grounding in the sympathy of the project life- steering wheel and control concepts. But Leadbetter had specialization in the understanding of the semi-automatic manufacturing machinery, which was the area of expansion of the organization. As such, with the start of the production run, this knowledge would have proven to be an asset ot the company. Hence, imparting training in project management and nurturing of his skills would have helped the company.c.Communication PlanThe communication plan addresses crucial items which should include Responsibility Matrix, Team Coordination, Master Schedule and Specific levels of reporting for different levels of individuals within the project design and construction team. Individual team members should receive specific types of reports such as project team meeting minutes monthly executive reports, schedule etc. Project goals are to be established and documented so each team member understands the common objectives. A Procedures Manual (PMP) should be completed which has all approved processes and procedures for the project.Progress meetingsThese meetings are important and should be conducted at least weekly, with trade contractors and key subcontractors, to discuss current progress and accomplish milestone objectives, forecast the weeks progress and goals, address problems encountered and actions required to correct any deficient work. This entails two primary goalsTo provide a series of tools for accura te observe of the progress of the project.To provide thorough, accurate records of the project to protect the owner from potential disputes or legal problems. Therefore, the following is tracked and recorded on each projectThis can be achieved through rade Contractor Daily Reports, Construction Photos, Daily Logs, Testing/Inspection Services, Shop Drawings/Submittals, Document concern, Progress Meetings, Schedule Enforcement, Progress Reporting, resort Inspections etc.Contract Administration and Field CoordinationThe project manager should oversee the coordination of efforts between each contract, including issues such as accessibility to the site, maintenance of both unglamourous and vehicular traffic, eliminating disruption to on-going existing activities, tie-ins of utilities and roadways, compatibility of construction methods, construction phasing and utilization of construction forces.Information Management SystemsAn Information Management System which implements, tracks an d records all the various elements of Project management, planning, organization, meetings and reviews, site logistics, shop drawings, field orders, and document control, should be bought into place.Decision TrackingA decision tracking system can be designed to keep the project moving. Whenever a critical issue is identified by the project team, the system would track the issue, its impact, its source, and the party responsible for the action on the issue. As individuals take action on the issue, the system would track each action taken and identify the next responsible party in the process of reaching a decision on the issue. As each issue is resolved, the decision tracking system would close the issue, but preserves the history of the decision process.RFIs Requests for InformationThese forms can be used regularly to stimulate communication between all project team members, including the owner and architect. These requests receive immediate attention and are valuable in aiding th e team members to anticipate conflicts before they become problems.d.Expected Communication during executionThis should include Design Package LogTracks drawings, specifications and key dates as needed.pending C.O. LogThis log tracks owner and designer wish list items and cost. They allow for timely decisions while maintaining the project budget.Team Action ListTracks actions needed to accomplish schedule goals and facilitated those actions.Bi-Weekly Schedules and MeetingsMeetings, facilitating communication and planning among team members. These are directed mainly at trade contractors, but also need support from the owner and architect. touch MeetingBi-Weekly meetings which includes owner representatives to facilitate major decisions and exchange valuable information.Submittal LogTracks all submittals by trade contractors requiring approval by the architect and engineers.Daily man queen ReportsThis report tracks trade contractors manpower. This report is reviewed daily and weekly to monitor adequacy of work forces necessary to maintain schedule.CCA Status ReportsTracked changes (Contract Change Authorization) and the Owners contingencies available for changes. interchange/Value Engineering LogTracks potential additive and deductive changes that the Owner may wish to implement.Three-Month CalendarA three-month calendar with all upcoming meetings and major events can be included with all meeting minutes and updated weekly.10. Cost Controla.Reasons for the initial high price of EIDThe initial bid of EID amounted to $ 20 million on a 18 month schedule. EID believed that Woodys would need considerable help with their project planning and had allowed for a number of uncertainties. EID allowed to undertake the work on a fully reimbursable contract. The counter offer EID made was to do the work on their cost but solicit fixed price quotations for all sub-trade work.Their position was commonsensical because of 2 reasonsThe hourly rate paid would cover all the direc t wages/salaries, pay roll burden, head-office overhead and profit. This rate would apply to all engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning for which EID would employ another subcontractor for the building and design workThe number of hours put in by EID can be monitored effectively by Woodys.b.2 years after the project was first launched, there was no meaningful planning for completion. Owners acceptance, testing, dry-run and production start-up of the production train had not been carried out. Also the occupation certificate had not been availed. Due to late delivery of the production train, the tie-in of power and other utility connections scheduled for the annual 2 week maintenance shut-down could not take place. Customer delivery dates were missed and some general contractors cancelled their contracts and placed their orders for mill work elsewhere. Sales opportunities were lost too.All this put in concert resulted in the fact that, the project was only 85% comple te because the delay in completion too was charged to Woodys account.c.Cost ControlAn experienced team of experts with knowledge of quantities and historical pricing, project management and field supervision, should provide the expertise on all elements relating to cost control, including budgeting, estimating, value engineering and the qualification of subcontractors. The Woody 2000 project steering committee would receive formal reports weekly from Mr. Moneysworth and Mr. Cashman.The following cost control methods can be implemented throughout the pre-construction and construction phases of the projectBudget PlanningIn the budgeting phase of the project, the current projected costs of the project can be compared with the initial budget so that the cost doesnt escalate. It has to be ensured that the work involved meets the projected goalsEstimatingDefinitive estimates should be made through schematic design, design development and construction documents stages of the project.Work h as to be done in mating with the various prime subcontractors in developing estimates that can be tracked in a similar format to simplify the reconciliation at each estimate phase.Conceptual setAn in-house cost coding system can be developed, to expand into more detailed pricing as the design progresses. A computer-aided quantity survey system would allow to accurately produce the basic quantities for the project.Cost ForecastingPrior to the start of the construction phase, transfer the estimate into a cost forecasting format used by project management staff to track costs throughout the project to completion. This estimating process built from each stage to a Guaranteed Maximum Price estimate, would check it against previous work.Cost Accounting/TrackingOnce the contract price is determined, the estimated labor, material and subcontractor costs can be allocated among standard cost accounts at a level of detail appropriate for tracking individual tasks against the project budget.P rocurement and LaborThe procurement cycle begins as purchase orders, subcontracts and change orders are committed, then immediately documented and simultaneously recorded in the cost system. Actual labor costs, together with work-in-progress, can be recorded on a weekly basis through the payroll system.Cost ReportingCost reports are comprehensive and responsive to the specific needs of the project. Labor reports, printed at the job site weekly, can be used by project management to review progress and costs. Vendor commitments and expenditures, pick out in various level of detail, can be monitored in several reports. Actual job cost detail can be reported on a limited date range, a group of cost accounts, or for the entire project to date.PurchasingA system must be followed that solicits competitive bids from subcontractors and suppliers based upon a set of defined bidding procedures. In conjunction with the owner, this would identify qualified and capable subcontractors and supplie rs taking into consideration their previous experience, workload, ability to perform, and monetary capability. Pre-bid meetings can be conducted for the purpose of assisting subcontractors in understanding the bid documents, design intent and project requirementsSubcontractor QualificationThe subcontractor qualification process remains an important part of cost and project control. However, subcontractors cannot be arbitrarily eliminated from the project unless warranted by serious business indicators. The subcontractor qualification process is an important step in evaluating the apparent low bidders for capability to satisfactorily perform the scope of work. Additionally, the evaluation can reveal early signs of weakness, which can be supported to ensure a quality performance.PricingPrices should be obtained from a minimum of three pre-qualified bidders for each category of work on the project. The accuracy and dependability of subcontractor pricing should be directly related to t he capacity of information furnished to the bidders.d.Flow Chart for processing changesCost ForecastingConceptual PricingEstimatingBudget PlanningPurchasingCost ReportingProcurement LabourCost TrackingSub Contracting11. luck Identification and Controlb c.List of Woodys Actual SurprisesThe allocated budget for the project was pegged at $17 million, with 18 months as the time frame for the construction. Mr.Moneysworth invited Expert Industrial Developers to quote on the planned expansion. The fixed price quotation which was given by the firm amounted to $ 20 million and an 18 month schedule.Mr. Ian Leadbetter was appointed for running the project, despite his lack of knowledge in project management training and experience. On vestige of EID, that Woodys should take over the procurement of the production train directly, the entire production train specification had to be changed to increase the capacity and consequently the program codes too.Change in the production plan resulted i n another 5 feet being added to the height of the building.Catalogue descriptions and specifications were not received until the foundations had been pouredThe surplus paint disposal method didnt meet the environmental standards as specified by the inspection authorityFailure to obtain the building occupation certificateFailure of the tie-in of the power and other utility connectionsResponse to the aboveCosts arising from these changes, including the delay in the completion were charged tto Woodys account. To mitigate the effect of only 85% completion, Cashman was forced to sputter for an additional line of project financing at prime plus 2.5% interest. Liquid cash was spent at every such instance. A unified marketing effort was launched to regain the interest of the customer, which didnt have much effect.Possible chance Management PlanThe implementers of the project could have followed a 4 prong Risk Management PlanRisk Identification Identify potential risks as a part of the pr oject. Case specific potential risks can include securing permits and bad weather conditions which may hamper the construction work. A 10% contingency can be accorded to the construction schedule. Care should be taken to ensure that schedule creep doesnt happen.There can be 4 categories of risk included as a part of the Risk Management Plan Technical Risk This includes a review of the quality and performance goals of the project. Proper installation of the lag bolts, coordination with the drawing shops and the foundation contractor etc. come under this.Project Management Resources This includes improper planning and allocation of resources and improper use of management disciplines. Coordination between the owners interface and the appropriate contractors can be a part of this.Organizational Risks This should ensure that the there are enough human resources allocated to the project and that there are no conflicts between the project staff and the employees of the Custom Wood Workin g company. outside Risk These risks can be caused by external parties such as regulatory agencies, labor contracts and supplier restrictions. There should be proper coordination with utility companies and that all equipments and systems should be approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies.Risk Assessment This can be done by 2 methods Static and Dynamic assessment. magical spell static risk assessment is

Essay --

In the mind of Anselm he had noticed that there lacks to be something that follows from all of this if a existence is perfect by definition, indeed that creation must exist. Anselm believed that if a perfect being did not exist, then it would not be perfect. In which it would be impossible for God not to exist, for if He did not exist, there would be no definition of a perfect being. God is a necessary being. The example of you and I as perfect beings is not conceivable because we are not necessary beings, in our past if there were any change, then we would not exist. God is however different, He had to exist. This entire innovation is known as the Ontological Argument. Though the Ontological Argument is very precise in being able to prove that there needs to be an existent perfect being to be able to have a perfect being. There are several flaws within this argument. For all of Anselms arguments to work, we would need a notion of content of his proposition that God is the high est human conception. We would also need a correlation between the conception of being in a general way of matching up to the idea of a unconditional Being. The problem that Anselm has is that there is not a being that matches up to the type of being that God is. If God were in existence, he would have to be in separable parts and divided into many places if he were to consist of being omnipresent. So He cannot be a perfect one being unless he was multiple beings of reality. What Anselm also didnt cover was the fact of God being a Personal God. When Anselm came up with the line of reasoning known as the Ontological Argument. His argument provides no place or a need for the perfect being to be personal. Which is a big deal being a christian, believing in Inc... ...understanding. Which would mean that this person was greater than God. But nothing can be greater than God. Hence it is not true that God exists in the understanding but not in reality. In conclusion, the formulation of t he argument from a metaphysical assumption and both philosophical and theological argument takes its false standpoint that builds up an entire edifice on assumptions that werent questioned back in Anselms day. Anselm then could not question whether being was continuous or discontinuous across cultures which philosophers developed much later. The argument is thus flawed insofar as it relies on a definition of the Supreme Being that is conditioned by human reason, while also assuming giving positive, univocal identification to created being and Supreme Being. Resting his theory in general on a divine exemplarism, which has not yet been proven.

The Black Cat - Abnormal Madness :: Poe The Black Cat Essays

The Black Cat - Abnormal Madness   It seems that almost e really Edgar Allen Poe story ever written has a much deeper and darker meaning recondite inside its lines.  Many of these pieces are demented enough even if the reader does not read "between the lines." "The Black Cat" is an example of this kind of story.  In this morbid look into the narrators mind, the reader follows the narrator as he does many disturbing things in his household.  This story, like many of Poes other pieces, is a venture into anomalous psychology where the narrator is completely insane, not only because of the horrible things he does to his cat and his wife, but because of his state of mind that he shows the reader throughout the story.      At the beginning of the story, the narrator makes the writing out to be "plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a series of mere household events" (p. 1495).  As the story progresses, the reader finds out that this is > clearly not at all the case.  The events within the text of this account are unmistakably the ramblings of a madman who cannot seem to control his actions and keeps drifting deeper and deeper into insanity.  In the first divide of the story, the narrator begins to defend himself by saying that he is not mad.  This definitely seems like he is trying to reassure himself more than the reader of his state of mind.  This seems to be Poes way of gradually easing into showing the reader that this story is, in fact, an exploration into the abnormal psychology of the human mind.     The narrator says that from his childhood, he has been considered a very docile person.  He also mentions in the first part of the story that his "My tenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the wit of my companions" (p. 1495).  At the point in the story when he says all this, it seems fairly feasible.  However, as the reader goes on to read, the rest of the story, they find out that this is not the narrators perplex demeanor in the least.  Just from seeing what is obvious about the narrator and not even reading deeper into his mindset, the reader can gather that the man is likely not a reliable source for correct information.

Concealing Dalkey Hill: Evasion and Parallax in Nausicaa Essay

Concealing Dalkey Hill Evasion and Parallax in Nausicaa T.S. Eliot decl atomic number 18d that Ulysses was a masterpiece because it demonstrated the futility of all prior literary styles. Indeed, the episodes of Oxen of the Sun and Aeolus could be taken as challenging primers on English style and rhetoric. This kaleidoscopic potential is seemingly reduced to a stark black-and-white vision in Nausicaa. As many critics have pointed out, Joyce stylizes Gerty MacDowells half of the narrative with a saccharine veneer which euphemizes her sexual encounter (itself a distanced and euphemized rendezvous) with Bloom. The first-time ref and seasoned critics alike are led into sneering at Gerty behind the safety of the authors overt critique of her superficiality only when Joyce reveals the psychological origin of her constant evasion - her lame leg, a condition which is only hinted at until Bloom notices it post-climax - are the first seeds of pity sown in the readers mind. The audiences a ppreciation of Gertys defect grows ten times worse (301) in light of Blooms uncharacteristically cavalier and scurrilous attitude towards a fellow outsider in which he, too, is guilty of his own brand of sexual evasion. As the reader implicitly identifies Blooms rather heartless outlook with his own, he compensates for his initial condemnation of Gertys character by sentimentalizing her with a Dickensian gloss - and thus is held as guilty of evasion as the episodes heroine and hero. Joyces manipulation of his audiences expectations is never deployed through explicit moralizing but through his parallactic style (a concept distinct from the stylistic cornucopia redeem elsewhere in the novel), a shifting mode through which he questions t... ...ernans, he reminds himself of the necessity for perspectival inclusion Mistake to hit back. Or? No. Ought to go home and laugh at themselves. Always want to be swilling in company. Afraid to be alone like a child of two. intend he hit me. Loo k at it other way round. Not so bad then. Perhaps not to hurt he meant. Three cheers for Israel. (311) Blooms peace of the Citizens undoubtedly hostile remark may spring from either cowardice or his underlying sense of humanity, depending on how one takes it. And that parallactic means of interpretation is what Nausicaa requires - not only for interpreting the text, but for interpreting our interpretation. We, after all, are the ultimate voyeurs in an episode of purely visual interaction. To commit our literary resources to uncovering the spring alone, and not ourselves, is yet another instrument of evasion.

Academic and Vocational Integration :: Vocational Education Educational Essays

Academic and Vocational Integration The integration of academic and vocational program line, mandated through the 1990 Carl D. Perkins Vocational and use Technology Education Act and supported by the 1994 School-to-Work Opportunities Act, is a concept that has been interpreted and implemented in a variety of ways. As a result, its purpose in school reform and its effectiveness in modifying curriculum core, teach practices, and school structure to enhance student preparation for work have perplex obscured. This Myths and Realities attempts to clarify the importance of academic and vocational integration in relation to emerging pedagogy, teaching and learning practices, and school-to-work efforts.New Pedagogy and Teaching/Learning Theories overshadow the Value of IntegrationCurrent research on teaching and learning supports a constructivist pedagogy, which contends that people construct noesis through their interpretive interactions with and experiences in their social environm ents. In constructivism, the focus of teaching is on empowering learners to construct new knowledge by providing opportunities for them to test academic theories through real-world applications of knowledge in settings that are socially relevant to their lives. Beane (1998) highlights several factors reflecting support of this pedagogy1. Growing support for active learning and knowledge construction in place of rote memorization and the accrual of knowledge constructed by others.2. Interest in patterns of brain functioning as related to learning.3. An emerging awareness that knowledge is socially constructed, influenced by ones prior knowledge and social, cultural, and academic experiences.Student-centered teaching, project-oriented instruction, problem-based learning, and contextual teaching and learning are currently promoted as strategies for implementing constructivism. However, they also reflect the philosophy upon which academic and vocational integration is based that educat ion must forge connections between knowledge discipline and its application in the workplace.In its most basic form, curriculum integration involves the infusion of academic content into vocational programs, often referred to as enhanced academics. The new vocationalism, however, calls for enhanced relevance, which is achieved when students engage in learning experiences that are situated in real-life contexts and that afford in-depth understanding and the development of higher-order thinking skills (Pisapia and Riggins 1997 Stasz 1997). Urquiola et al. (1997) note that curricular integration reflects the process of contextualization by bringing authentic work elements to abstract academic subjects. It contributes to the development of students critical thinking and cooperative skills as well as those that prepare them for skilled jobs. Learning in context and constructing knowledge through socially based experiences are two teaching/learning concepts that draw upon principles of curriculum integration.

Christopher Columbus Biography :: Christopher Columbus Essays

Christopher capital of Ohio was born in Genoa, Italy on August 25th 1451, and he died in Valladolid Spain on May twentieth 1506. His life is filled with mystery and controversy. Even though there has been contevercy about his birth date and this birthplace, the historians have narrowed it down to this date and place. His childhood is some some other mystery. It is said that Columbus was the oldest of five children to poor wool weavers. His son has stated that Columbus had attended the University of Pavia, Columbus was a good observer and very healthful read.In 1476 Columbus traveled to Lisbon, Portugal were there he an established Genoese population, including Bartolome, he was a noted to be a mapmaker. After a peer of years Columbus swinged with the Portuguese through the Mediterranen and the Atlantic as far south as La Mina (Present day Elmaina , Ghana) and as far pairing as Eng put down. Columbus also made a voyage to Iceland in 1477.In 1479 Columbus married the Portuguese n oblewomen Dona Felipa e Perestrello e Moriz and established land in Porto Santo were his son Diego was born in 1480. When his wife died somewhere between 1481 to 1485, Columbus returned to Lisbon. As early as 1484 Columbus got a plan to sail west from the Canary Islands to the Indies (now East Indies) and the island kingdom of Cipangu (modern day Japan). When King John II declined Columbuss Enterprises to the Indies he decided to go to the Spanish monarch. Columbus traveled to Cordoba, in 1488 he and his mistress had another son. Columbus presented his plan to King Ferdinan and Queen Isabella two different quantify but both times a counsel of experts rejected his project. Columbuss ideas were made fun of by many in the court. However he received support from other powerful people, for example Luis de Santagel, chancellor of the royal household of Aragon and prior Juan Prez (the Queens confessor). As a result of this Queen Isabella approved to Columbuss project. Columbuss first was to find a short voyage to the Indies by sailing west, and the second goal was to convert any foreign inhabitance to Christianity. thither were three ships the first was the Santa Maria, which can hold up to forty sailors, The second ship is the Pinta, which held up to twenty-six sailors, and the Nina, which held twenty-four sailors. On October 12 1482 a diddlysquat on the Pinta claimed he spotted land, his name was Rodrigo de Triana.