Community College of Denver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community College of capital of Colorado - Essay ExampleAdditionally, it was considered that Science Building would physically and visually connect the Auraria campus to the greater Denver community, so the buildings floor-to-ceiling windows were designed accordingly to attract passers-by to come in and see what is inside (Wausau Group 1). Thus, in short, the building was hypothetical to perform a connection between beauty and science. And Donald Lipskis sculpture was called to embody this connection. Referring to the idea, Lipski noted that the common feature between artists and scientists is their passion for discovery, which just takes divergent paths. The artist believes the public institutions of higher education should emphasize and include culture at every opportunity (Wiebesiek).Psyche is 10 feet high and about 14.5 feet across thatterfly sculpture made of steel, resin and glass. It has two pairs of wings the 8 feet across top wings and 6 feet across bottom wings. Psych e consists of grim metal frame which outlines the form of a sculpture with its wings covered with stainless steel net, from where 10,000 test tubes filled with liquid yellow, orange and red acrylic fiber resin are hanging. Donald Lipski explained that test tubes are among the most basic and familiar tools of science (Wiebesiek), which are utilized in medicine as well as physics or chemistry. Moreover, the usage of test tubes in this project is rather symbolic it indicates the sculpture is not some separate item of design but the one that, in its structure, reflects scientific atmosphere of a place.Hanging at 60 angle, the butterfly slowly drifts in the air, moved by the air flows of air-conditioning system. speckle moving and sharing its various shades colors all around, the sculpture resembles a monumental stained glass window (CCI), causing an awesome core and excitement.From Greek the word psyche can be

Raphael's influence on Peter Paul Rubens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Raphaels influence on Peter Paul Rubens - Essay Examples quite clearly that Raphael was apprenticed to the Perugian Pietro Perugino, and that this is w here he learnt his trade, and his first documented work, and altarpiece for the church San Nicola da Tolentino, is in Citta de Castello, between Perugia and Urbino. Other important early plant of Raphael are dotted around Perugia, most notably his Crowning of the Virgin in the San Francesco chapel, and his The Marriage of the Virgin, which shows much maturity of style compared to his earlier works.In the quaternary years he spent in Peruginos workshop, Raphael learned all that his master could teach him, and the period passed without problems or challenges in his early works, Raphael remained faithful to the Perugino School, which is understandable, as the rhetorical characteristics he had acquired from his teacher, namely a clear organization of the composition and the avoidance of excessive detail, also provided useful means thro ugh which to express the new philia of the High Renaissance (Toman, 1998).In 1504, in his new home town of Siena, and then later in Florence, where he based himself from 1507, Raphael came in to contact with umteen artists, most notably Da Vinci and Michelangelo, through whose influence he came to develop a more grandiose, expressive, style. Here, he also learned new techniques, such as chiaroscuro and sfumato, and came under the influence of Da Vincis bold figure placements and gestures. During this time, Raphael was also introduced to the works of Paolo Uccello, Luca Signorelli, Melozzo da Forl, as well as to the emerging Flemish artists Hieronymus Bosch and joos wagon train Gent (Toman, 1998).During this time, Raphael produced one of his most famous early works, The Marriage of the Virgin, the conception, structure and style of which corresponds closely to those of the work of the same name by Perugino, and it is assumed that Raphael was here executing a repeat commission pass ed on to him by his teacher, however, while the faces of the figures,

TeAchnology, Inc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TeAchnology, Inc - Assignment ExampleThe author of the paper tells that to comply with the requirements of the Web imaginativeness and Web 2.0 Learning Tool assessment, the site of TeAchnology is WebQuest hosting eg Zunal located at http//www.teach-nology.com/web_tools/web_quest/. The site provides various opportunities for both teaching and knowledge through cominging websites designed for diverse learning objectives. As indicated, there is a two-fold goal of the site to provide a reservoir of online resources for educators to access at any time and to provide effective tools for aim instruction that is time and energy saving. There are several printable materials on the site (9,000 completely free printables). The general headings ready for access include worksheets, lesson plans, rubrics, teacher resources, printables, subjects, tools, tips, and membership. The site likewise offers email newsletters and favorite teacher resources that have options to access graphic organizers, English and math worksheets, study skills, teacher forum, and timesaver. several(a) membership offers to include gold, platinum, silver, and supreme where access to diverse learning modules differs depending on preference and requirements. This learning resource is applicable for Kindergarten through High School teachers. jibe to the site, apart from teaching and learning skills for kindergarten to high school levels, the following services are likewise offered, to wit professional development consultations designed to support K-12 schools efforts to lend oneself programs integrating technology in teaching original content and software products designed to provide teachers with tools for creating instructional materials original publications created by experienced educators for other educators and middling priced membership programs.

Student Absenteeism Results to Dropping Out of School Essay Example for Free

Student Absenteeism Results to Dropping Out of School Essay

Just about every aspect of sport which we find exciting today was present at the chariot races of ancient Rome Essay Example for Free

Just about either aspect of sport which we find kindle today was stage at the carry tends of ancient Rome EssayI agree with this narration to an extent, some aspects of chariot racing are similar to that of todays modern sport. In Ancient Romes chariot races there were four teams, red, white, green and blue. Every roman would support a team, and stay stanch to it. These teams became the focus of support among spectators. The Romans were always very loyal to which ever team they supported. Fights would some times breakout due to the sustenance of different teams. There are very much(prenominal) of aspects that made these chariot races exciting for the Romans. By supporting a team they could feel more involved. Competitors from the resembling team / stable might work in concert / pull stunts and gang up on other teams to gain popularity, make the race more exciting. This is just like nowadays, in football, rugby, cricket and many more of our modern day sports resemble the Romans approach to their teams and their support for them. Most men nowadays support a football team and stay loyal and supporting that team.Going to a football match is a really exciting experience, every i supporting the same team will be feeling in a similar way, the atmosphere and feeling that you are all there to weeher supporting your team, taking conk out is a very exciting experience and one that both us and the Romans share. The anxiety of waiting whats going to happen, is he going to push him off the track? Is he going to die? The upthrow when someone does a trick. Is he going to score? Will they be able to score in time? Will he get the penalty? Will he get sent off? It unified people of all sorts of social ranks, and encourages them to socialise just like we go through nowadays. Betting excessively would progress to been and exciting experience for the Romans, just like us and any human being they were money driven. So the prospect of wining some money would ha ve been a very exciting experience, they could have won a lot of money.Just like nowadays when we place a bet on a team or a horse to win a race / match, it then gets us more involved in the match / race, we want the individual / team who we have backed up to win so we win money in return, so you get very excited when maybe your charioteer does a very clever stunt and nocks someone of the track / they are battling it out for first position you al around feel as if you are taking part in the race. The structural features of the circus maximus would have also made it exciting for the Romans the seating meant that they could integrate with women, which they would not get to do a great deal, there are some(prenominal) sources explaining the excitement the men had in checking the women out. Nowadays that would not really affect our excitement on the sport as we are much more combine through daily life than the Romans would have been. Therefore these dont really increase the enjoyment of our sport nowadays.The spina would have also made the race very exciting for the Romans, especially the metea or turning posts, these would have tested even the best charioteers to their limits, when the charioteers r all(prenominal)ed the metea they would try and cut in as close as possible to the metea as possible, this could have resulted in a very bad injury or oddment very easily, if they wear pushed into the metea or turned to most into the metea, as the charioteers approached the metea the crowd would start to cheer more especially when stunts and tricks were pulled on other charioteers. The Romans also enjoyed the egg markers and dolphin markers these would have shown them at what lap they were in the race, obviously it would have been important for the Romans to have been able to keep track of how many laps the charioteers were on.Every time a marker went down / up this would have signified it being closer to the end of the race, I think this would have made it more e xciting for them because it is that time aspect for them, when time is applied to something it often means pressure, whether it be they only have so long to score a goal or to knock their component of the track / make them win. With every lap it would have made it more exciting for the Romans, as there would be less and less charioteers each time and the race would be acquire more violent / heated. Although nowadays although we do have score boards to help us to keep up score I would not say it adds that much to the excitement , only really the time aspect that they have so long left to score / win this game.In the chariot racing most of the competitors would have been slaves, and of a low social stead, they would get exchange to other teams and made to compete in races. In a way the charioteers had their own status within charioteering they had dual status if they were good charioteers they would start from nothing a built their way up the charioteers rank, and become well know n every time a charioteer won in a race they would receive a percentage of the winnings the rest would go to the stables, they would receive quite a superior pay.. This is sort of similar to what we have nowadays for example a footballer might start from nothing and is all of a sudden he is launched into a high status / idolised. In a way the footballers are owned like a slave would be the club / manager owns them and they are sold onto other teams.Just like the charioteers they also receive very high pays. This aspect of charioteering / modern day sport would have made it exciting because you could get to see well known really good charioteers, maybe that you idolised its just like nowadays meeting a really notable footballer like David beck ham something that an average person would find really exciting, because they are iconic figures that people look up to, and you want to see them perform. With chariot racing there is a real danger aspect it seemed the Romans would do anythin g to try and make their sport more dangerous and exciting, teaching the charioteers to bash into each other, the crowd would cheer loudly if someone wasHave a battle with another charioteer / killed them, the Romans were very blood thirsty. The got thrills out of seeing people hurt and force each other close to the edge. Nowadays I dont think we share the Romans passion quite so much for fighting and death/ blood, although for instance in motor racing when the cars are racing and perhaps giving each other nudges I think we do find it exciting we like to see how far we can push things, and if some one crashed and it was quite a big one every one would sort of be talking about it did you see that crash? Without realising we get a sort of buss out of it.I think now looking closely and examining this statement I do agree with it , most of the points I have brung up are connected to chariot racing we share that thrill and excitement the same as the Romans do maybe we just dont realise it as much / it is a bit more toned down.

Basic Device and Security Configuration Essay Example for Free

Basic Device and Security Configuration EssayWhen designing a mesh topology there are basic network and aegis embodiments that one needs to consider. Choosing a host urinate for each device is very important, this allows the practiser to survive what device they are work on. Configuring interfaces with a proper IP, subnet, and descriptions are part of the basic soma of a network device. One needs to consider the security setting for the network devices. There are some basic configurations that one can choose to use in their configuration. Passwords and a username should be used for cheering and remote access to any network device. Enable passwords and encrypting those password are best practices for any engineer.Configuration of a username and password for practical(prenominal) lines, lead help in sustainmenting unwanted persons out of your network device along with, a banner upon logging into a device. Banners are messages that will display a warning to any unauthor ized person looking to access the device. Shutting down unused ports in a switch, will keep unwanted clients of the network and people from just plugging a laptop into the port for access. Remote access is something to think about when configuring a device. SSH (Secure Shell) and telnet are two network protocol used to remote access to a device. SSH is a more secure application that uses higher encryptions of data thus telnet does. To generate the SSH key the use of crypto key generate rsa is used with a 1024 bit key, creates the most secure key. Remote access is a concern to any engineer and should be taken with the highest priority.Commands Used in Basic Device Configurations direct line interface commands that are used in a switch and in a router are the same. Most CLIcommands are configured in the global configuration style. Its always good practice to start with the command erase startup-config, which resulted in the saved NVRAM configuration to be erased. Setting the approp riate hostname for the device is the command hostname name. By naming ones device, this will let the user know what device they are working in. Passwords helped secure the device for the change mode, consoling into the device, and remote access. To set a password to access the enable mode, one need to use the command enable secret password.The configuration of a password for consoling into a device, one needs to be in the line con 0 mode and use the command password, the same command is used for remote access but in the line vty 0-15 mode. When using the enable secrete command, the passwords are displayed in clear text. For more security, service password-encryption is used encrypt the password when a show run command is used to display the running configuration. Enabling SSH mutation 2 is a better choice than version 1. SSH version 2 has stronger cryptographic integrity check and supports password changing. If one configurators their device to support SSH, then there are several commands that need to be configured. A username name password password command needs to be assigned.The ip domain name domain mycompany.com command is used, followed by crypto key generated rsa command. When the engineer types that command the IOS will prompt one for the number of bits. 512 is the default, however, one can choose a bigger number and 1024 bits is recommended. The RSA encryption key is used for authentication and encryption of the SSH data. The transport input telnet ssh command allows telnet and ssh on the virtual lines by being configured in the line vty 0 -15 mode. The interface range interface-interface command is used to make changes in the interface range. One can use this command to shut down all unused ports in a switch. Lastly, the copy run start command was used to copy the recent running configuration to the startup configuration.

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development br oppositely naturalise EssayThe field of psychology has vast aras of interest, and Human growth and suppuration is one of the most popular topics being studied by neighborly fakeers today. The mean of this report is to show how essential it is for a trainee companionable worker to attain a firm understanding of human growth and go againstment, and to ultimately accomplish a foundation of knowledge in this argona. This report leave behind show that, with practice, preparation, sound judgment, reflection and finally application, this foundation of knowledge whoremonger be effectively rehearsed in positive intervention methods. (Crawford 2006)There have been many great theorists over the years, all of who had different ideas on human growth and development. This report bequeath cotton up and discuss 3 theories meniald on the work of Erikson, Bowlby and Bronfenbrenner. Furtherto a greater extent, the report will too throw light on the pros and cons of these theories, identifying and discussing potential issues that whitethorn arise from hardship to mature, as expound in each system.Finally, the report will identify the mathematical function of tender workers in relation to their intervention with a client or family.The outcome of this report will be a sum-up of the key identifying points of each of the 3 theories. Using practical examples, the report will explore the effects of the theories and outcomes that whitethorn arise from failure to mature.The practical examples spendd will aid, fade and fabricate the discussion by spotlighting the action span of the single problems or issues, and will provide an underpinning reason for using each of the theories. Each supposition chosen in this report is interpreted from a different discipline of neighborly intuition psychodynamic, sociological and psychosocial. These three disciplines all have a different emphasis, exclusively structured in all of them is the core principle of determining what shtup potentially influence action course development.The first theory outlined in this report is Bowlbys appurtenance theory. This theory fundamentally sees the earliest bonds phaseed surrounded by children and their c atomic number 18givers as a key factor in human growth and development, having an immense trespass on progression and continuing through and throughout life.This theory will be examined, using social work examples with infants. There will be an explanation of how the theory is vastly important for attaining a firm understanding of the foundational relationships infants build for a healthy development.The imprimatur theory discussed in this report is Bronfenbrenners theory of ecological development. Bronfenbrenners theory describes the influences of further purlieual factors on children, and their positive or negative development.For this theory, social work examples will be chosen from older adults in ord er to help attain an understanding of how environmental factors, at micro and macro levels, shtup influence social workers in relation to the stages of development.The final theory discussed in this report is Erik Eriksons model of life stage development. This theory addresses identity as an exclusive moves through the stages of life, and how they negotiate crisis points in a successful or unsuccessful progression, this effecting healthy development.For this theory, examples of middle-later stages of life will be discussed, and how progression through the life stages dirty dog successfully or unsuccessfully result in a healthy or unhealthy development of the individual.So, what can human growth and development be determined as? Before we discuss in depth the main theories, it would be appropriate to give a definition of human growth and development, and highlight why it is so fundamentally important for social workers to have a firm understanding of the various theories.According to Baltes cited in Crawford (date), human development is multi-dimensional it is do up of biological, cognitive and social dimensions. Physically, from the moment we are conceived till the moment we die, we are developing biologically. Our bodies are consistently moving from one biological tack to another. Subsequently, the growth of our intellectual and social development comes. This begins from very early stages in the course of life and continues across the span of each life. (Thompson)Both Freud and Erikson agree that all individual is born with a number of basic instincts, that development occurs through stages, and that the order of these stages is influenced by biological and sociological maturation (Sigelman, and Shaffer 1992).The Requirements for Social Work pedagogy state that all social work programmes must Ensure that the teaching of theoretical knowledge, skills and values is based on their application to practice. (Department of Health 2002)Theorists, such as Bow lby, Bronbenfrener and Erikson, have different scenes on life span development stages and the individuals evolved behaviour as a consequence or a response to developmental milestones crises. These theories are rooted in the disciplines of sociology, biology and psychology. Each theory provides an explanation, in line with development, for arising issues and problems that individuals face and are all relevant to an understanding of the life course development. (Thompson)Social work practitioners privation to have a wide range of knowledge from a span of theoretical disciplines to ensure that all aspects of an individuals make-up are considered and comprehended when working with them. (Crawford and walker) Using theory can give an explanation as to why an action resulted in a particular consequence. This can help us review and possibly change our practice in an attempt to make the consequences to a greater extent effective. (Beckett)Developmental theory provides a framework for ord ering the lifecycle and accounts. For factors that may shape development at specific stages. It discusses the multiple. Bio-psycho-social factors impacting development, explores the tasks to be accomplished. At each stage and considers successes and failures in light of other stages. Developmental theories as well as fair game to recognise individual unlikenesss in development. JournalThe course of life is different for each individual, and is influenced by the events and experiences that people go through throughout their lives. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) Understanding the impact of transitions within a mortals course of life is important for social work practice, as it aids the social worker in attaining a firm understanding of other peoples lives, so they can effectively intervene with appropriate values. Using theory can help justify actions and explain practice to service users, carers and society in general. The aim is for this to lead to social work becoming more widely accountable and ultimately more respected. (Beckett )The use of theories in social work practice underpins how social workers approach their tasks. As social workers, we need to recognise the opportunities to work with people through transitions as an opportunity to grow. We need to try to enable people to use these events to trigger change, move on and develop. (Crawford) When a social worker works with an individual, utilising theories which may relate to a specific situation, will give us more direction in our work. It is clear then that theory is important in practice both for work with service users and for social work to be more valued in society. (Beckett)After the definition of human growth and development and the brief discussion of why a theory is important in social work practice, this report will now discuss the adhesion theory and will explain why it can be positively used in approach and effectively in practice.4So, what is the bond theory? To start with, lets defi ne the word attachment it means a strong emotional bond surrounded by two people.Forming an attachment is based on a two-way interaction. The behaviours from an infant, such as crying, reaching, grasping and making eye contact, and the response of the caregiver both work as a reciprocal process to develop and strengthen attachment. (Woods) According to (Crawford), children use the people they are attached to as a safe base to explore, a source of comfort and a source of encouragement and guidance.According to (Fahlberg, 1991, cited in Howe), attachment aids children in attaining their full intellectual potential, sorts out what children perceives, assists them in logical thinking, helps them develop a conscience, teaches them to become more self-reliant, aids them in coping with stress and frustration, helps them handle fear and worry, assists them in developing future relationships and helps down jealousy. In 1953, a psychoanalyst named John Bowlby wrote the book Child Care a nd the Growth of Love. In this book, Bowlby put forward his theory that the relationship between a mother and her child, during the childs first year, is of vital importance and can greatly affect the development of the child in later life.This theory is known as the attachment theory, and it is still being used and discussed today, although it has been altered and adapted to suit the modern day economic environment and the change in the family unit over the gone 50+ years. (Jeremy Holmes, 1993)Bowlby believes that attachment begins at infancy and develops throughout an individuals life, and that there are many distinctive behavioural control systems needed for continued existence and proliferation. The attachment and exploration systems are the main central points in Bowlbys attachment theory. (Elliot Reis, 2003)(Crawford) Bowlbys Maternal deprivation Hypostasis, the forerunner of the attachment theory, believes that if an infant was unable to develop a warm, well-read and conti nuous relationship with his or her mother or permanent mother substitute, then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people, and would be at the guess of behavioural disorders. Bowlby says Mothers love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health. (Cardwell)(Bowlby 1988) goes on to say that without a secure base of first attachment relationships, children will not be able to cope with separations of normal life. For Bowlby, the impact of prolonged separation on children is viewed as maternal deprivation. Bowlby describes this as being the temporary or permanent loss to children of their mothers care and attention. Bowlby believes that prolonged separation of children from their mothers, especially during the first five years of their lives, is a major cause of delinquent behaviours and mental health issues. (Crawford)Mary Ainsworth developed a method, whereby a childs behaviour is observed whe n reunited with his or her mother after a short separation. This is known as the strange situation, and it has become widely used to determine whether the attachment was secure or insecure. Ainsworths strange situation is used to measure Bowlbys hypotheses that early relationship experiences affect later adult functioning. The strange situation procedure consists of eight three-minute episodes that have been arranged so as to create profit levels of stress for a child that will activate attachment behaviours that investigateers can then observe.The resulting behaviour was used to classify the child into one of three categories. These categories are insecure avoidant attachment, secure attachment and insecure revolting attachment. Securely attached children were able to balance their need to explore the environment with their need for comfort and indorse from their caregiver in relation to their feelings of stress. Insecure avoidant attached children, when stressed, continued to explore the environment, showing minimal need for comfort and support. The children who were classified as having insecure resistant attachments stop their exploration and return to their care giver show the maximum amount of attachment behaviours. Main (1991) has since identified a fourth category that of the disorganize/ disorientated child. (Cardwell)According to Bowlby a central tenet of attachment is thatPeople developmental representations,Or internal working models, thatConsist of expectations about the self, significantOthers and the relationship between the two. (Bowlby, 1969, 1973)The main criticism of Bowlbys attachment theory came from J.R. Harris. It is often assumed that hard working, kind, honest and well-respected parents will have children who will turn out to be handle them. On the other hand, in the case of parents who are bad social occasion models, rude, and disrespectful, the children will end up the same when they become adults. According to Harris, this ma y be far from the truth.Harris (2008), believes that a parent does not determine a childs personality or character, and that a childs external social factors have more influence than anything else. A good example of this taken from Harris is a child from an immigrant family. Although the parents may well pick up a new language, they will still have an mark from their native language. The child, on the other hand, will learn the new language, and will speak it without an accent. Children are more influenced by their peers than their parents. (Harris, 1998).Criticisms were also levelled at Bowlbys theories because of his ideas that he reason from work he had undertaken with juvenile delinquents who had been separated early in their lives from their mothers. The criticism is that the theories are unrepresentative of the general population, and involved too small a sample.It was also argued that not all maternally deprived children became juvenile delinquents. But in agreement with Bow lby, Stroufe (1979) stated We cannot assume that early experiences will several(prenominal)how be cancelled out by later experiences. Lasting consequences of early inadequate experiences may be subtle and complex. (Cardwell)Research has shown that, contrary to Bowlbys idea of monotropy (one primary caregiver), children can form more than one significant attachment, and these need not be towards the biological parents, and can be of either sex, although there is often a definite hierarchy. An infants attachment to his or her founder is as strong as the mothers in the first few days of life. Then the attachment changes because of the different amount of time purchasable for the parents to interact with the infant, given the work commitments. Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures for their infants, but the circumstances that lead to selecting the mother or the father may differ. For example, the father is usually selected for playing. (Schaffer Emerson 19 64)According to Parke (1981), Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures, the father is not just a silly substitute for the mother. (Cardwell)When feel at how attachment theory is applied to social work practice, Coulshed (1988) proposed that psychology has been useful in the degree to which you can apply some of the theories, if you are prepared to see theoretical contributions as ways of enriching your thinking and understanding. You will gain a broad framework of information through which you will recognise the complexities and possible causes of human suffering.The attachment theory provides a valuable model in understanding relationships of families in need and promoting new and healthy attachments (Daniel et al 1999). The attachment theory has had an impact on many domain of a functions relating to how children are cared for, including the legal framework it operates under and how run for children have developed. Some of the areas, where clear links ca n be made to practice being underpinned by the attachment theory has effected changes, areWhen negotiating contact between children and their families it is undertaken from a child centre perspective rather from the adults involved. This may include having closer links with grandparents, relatives and any other persons who the child considers significantly important to them. (Howe)Attachment theories underpin the policies that are relevant to the development of children in public care, and form the basis for assessing their needs, such as pre-placement and post-placement support systems. The effects of separation and loss that children have experienced can be taken into account when assessing their needs. (Oloughlin)Social Work as a profession can promote the needs of children through influencing policy and practice e.g. acknowledgement that delays in placing children may be detrimental to their wellbeing should ensure that the adoption and fostering processes can be as speedy and e fficient as possible. Likewise, it is clear from research that children are adversely affected by the loss of familiar peers. Children who hold on friendships over time are seen to have greater social skills and better social adjustment. This should also be promoted. (Aldegate et al)The attachment theory has allowed optimism to develop towards caring for children, as a less distorted and confused catch of child development has emerged. It is now seeming that a healthy development can occur in many different family environments. There are many right ways of meeting childrens needs. (OLoughlin)The second theory discussed in this report is derived from the discipline of sociology. Sociological theoretical perspectives explain human development by examining the interactions between people and the society in which they live. Sociologist theorists research this by looking at influencing factors at different levels of society. (Crawford)Unlike other disciplines of human development theo ries in which service users problems are conceptualized on individual impairment, sociological perspectives on human development seek to gain a full understanding by locating the persons problems within his or her experiences in a broader picture of social and historical circumstances. In other words, rather than directly focusing on the problem and the persons inability to cope, the problem would be assessed in terms of the impact of the economic and political conditions of the day. (Cunningham and Cunningham).One theorist whose theory has being particularly influential in the study of human development is Uri Bronfenbrenner 1917 2005.Bronfenbrenner developed a theory to explain how everything in a child and the childs environment affects how a child grows and develops. His theory is known as the ecological systems theory, and it approaches a childs development by looking at different levels of interaction, from family, local communities and schools to economic and political cond itions that are all influential to the development of the individual in his or her course of life. He uses the terms Microsystems, exosystem and macrosystem. He suggests that there is a reciprocal process of interaction, in that the child is both influenced by and influences his or her environment at each of the levels. (Crawford)The ecological environment is thought of asNested structures encircled within and inside the other like a set of Russian dolls. Starting with the most inside to the outside, these networks are described as micro systems, meso systems and macro systems (Brunfenbrenner, 1994).The work of Bronfenbrenner has been particularly influential in social work practice and is the model that underpins the framework for the assessment of children in need and their families (department of health, 2000 cited in Crawford). The theory also encourages social workers to grasp the concept and understanding of the sociological imagination, and develop this in relation to service users own lives and practice. As social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments (NOSS), this approach, therefore, helps social workers to locate service users within an understanding of the bigger picture that underlies their lives. (NOSS)Applying an ecological approach can be best understood as looking atpersons, families, cultures, communities and policies, and identifying and intervening upon strengths and weaknesses in the transactional processes between these systems. A practical example of this in practice would be the use of the ecological perspective when carrying out assessment and for planning intervention for older adults in the community. Although it is theoretical, it is very practical, as it provides a kind of a map to guide us through very confusing terrain Stevenson 1998 cited in aldegate)The population of the UK is ageing. Over the last 25 years, the percentage of the population aged 65 and over increase from 15 per cent in 1984 to 16 per cent in 2009, an increase of 1.7 million people. (Gov statistics)Elderly individuals are vulnerable and in need of social services because they often live alone, and can be subject to numerous health difficulties, such as difficulties in functional ability.As elderberry bush adults experience an increase need for care, it is predicted that, in many cases, family caregivers will begin to have a higher level of physical, emotional and financial burden. All of these issues combined warrant an increase in research related to meeting the needs of the elderly and their families living in our communities (Crawford).EST is an ideal approach for assessing the needs of elderly adults living in communities. devoted the rapidly increasing numbers of baby boomers reaching retirement age and beginning to require extended support, it is important for communities and families to address the best fit for the senior adult later in life. EST addresses the micro, meso and macro systems that are an extension of the individual, and works to obtain resources in order to improve support and expand networks necessary to maintain good quality of life for senior adults. (Journal)The ecological perspective analyzes how well the individual or family fits with their environment, and is based on the assumption that when a person or group is connected and engaged within a supportive environment, functioning improves. In order to determine the best fit, usually for an individual, there is an examination of the difference between the amount of social support needed by the person and the amount of social support available in the existing environment. Once this assessment has taken place, the social worker engages with the individual and works together with him or her to offer the support needed. One unique feature of the ecological model is its lofty concept of human development within an environmental perspective. (Bekett)Social work practice has an overarching meta-paradigm that emphasizes the person in the environment. This meta-paradigm is linked with an ecological systems perspective as a focus of attention. EST is compatible with this belief system and helps support a theoretical approach for practice at the micro, meso and macro levels with individuals, families and communities.Social workers need to be aware of how the changing needs of families will affect psychosocial and emotional factors for the elderly individuals and their family caregivers. Examples of such issues include geographical location of family members when the senior adult is in need of care, role reversal when there is a shift in the family system and a parent becomes more dependent upon an adult child, and the anticipated grief and bereavement as spouses and adult children care for elderly family members over an extended period of time.The final theory of discussion is Erick Eriksons eight stages of man. Eriksons theory is an extension and modification to Freuds psychoanalytical th eory on explaining the development of the personality through childhood stages of psychosexual development. Erikson, however, provides a more comprehensive framework for human lifespan through a series of genetically influenced sequence of psychosocial stages. The term psychosocial describes an approach that considers the impact of both the individual psychology and the social context of peoples lives on their individual development.(Crawford) Each stage involves a battle between contradictory resultant personalities, and each stage has either adaptive or maladaptive qualities. To develop into a healthy, mature adult, the adaptive must outweigh the maladaptive. (Richard Gross, 2005). In other words, he suggests that people confront a series of developmental challenges or conflicts, each occurring at particular and predictable measure or stages in their lives.One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the consc ious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing owing to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In profit to ego identity (Quote), Erikson believes that a sense of competence also motivates behaviours and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes refers to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. (Quote)In each stage, Erikson believes people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are centred on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.Eriksons eight life stages1. Basic trust versus mistrust2. Self-control versus shame and doubt3. Initiative versus guilt4. Competence versus inferiority5. personal identity versus role confusion6. Intimacy versus isolation7. Generativity versus stagnation8. Ego-integrity versus despairErikson suggests that whereas the outcome of moving through a life stage is unfavourable, the individual will take in it more challenging to meet the trials of the next stage. Erikson further suggests that if individuals fail to develop through a stage, they may return to unsettled earlier points in their lives. (Crawford) storey five is commonly associated with adolescence Erickson 1995 recognised this as the critical crisis of adolescence in the eight stages of development identity versus role confusion. He believes that a successful transition through childhood would lead to a progressive success to resolve this stage (Crawford). Erikson considers the fifth stage, that of adolescence, in the developmental process to be of particular importance. He considers that by the end of this period of psychosocial moratorium, adolescents should have achieved ego identity, that is the integration of their own self perceptions into their core identity which is both psychological and social. But he notes that some unexampled people experience difficulty or find it impossible to commit themselves to adult roles, thus characterizing this as a period of identity crisis. When adolescents fail to achieve ego identity, it is considered to be identity role diffusion.Applying Eriksons model to social work can help identify with individuals whether or not they have progressed successfully at previous life stages. It can also help individuals clarify and address their strengths, expectations and limitations, a duty expected of the social worker according to NOSS Key role 1(Crawford).The psychosocial perspective enables social workers to consider the influences of the relationship between the internal world of the se rvice users and the social environment in which they live. (Howe 1987 cited in Crawford)However, Eriksons stages are criticised alongside other psychosocial stage approaches to human development because they do not incorporate difference and diversity. They are culturally specific and differences between sexuality and gender are not easily explained, because the theory was developed from a male perspective. CrawfordBeing too fixed and deterministic in real life, it is not possible to divide ones life into neat stages. The theory also does not consider the significance of social change in different societies and across different cultures. The model suggests there are universal experiences that all people encounter. Anthony Giddens 1991 cited in Crawford argues that modern society is continually changing, and that people pursue many different paths through their lives.Erikson describes the concept of a life cycle as implying some kind of self completion (Erikson, 1982 p. 9 cited in Cr awford). This use of the word cycle can be criticised for implying a bank note process whereby, in the later years of life, there is a return to the dependency of childhood. (Crawford)In conclusion this assignment has looked atSocial workers need to develop an understanding of theories from a range of disciplines in order to take a holistic approach to their practice. (Crawford)Whilst it is important for social workers to have knowledge of these theories, none of the theories can be easily applied to explain a persons course of life. One theory may be relevant to a particular person at a particular moment in time. For example, one theory may be useful for child development, but not so useful in explaining the challenges of life events that influence growth and development in later life. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) All people are individuals and deserve the right to be treated as such. To do anything less would be seen as an act of oppressive practice. Social workers need to draw on many different resources and theories available to them in order to real meet service users needs. (Beckett 2007)