Just about every aspect of sport which we find exciting today was present at the chariot races of ancient Rome Essay Example for Free

Just about either aspect of sport which we find kindle today was stage at the carry tends of ancient Rome EssayI agree with this narration to an extent, some aspects of chariot racing are similar to that of todays modern sport. In Ancient Romes chariot races there were four teams, red, white, green and blue. Every roman would support a team, and stay stanch to it. These teams became the focus of support among spectators. The Romans were always very loyal to which ever team they supported. Fights would some times breakout due to the sustenance of different teams. There are very much(prenominal) of aspects that made these chariot races exciting for the Romans. By supporting a team they could feel more involved. Competitors from the resembling team / stable might work in concert / pull stunts and gang up on other teams to gain popularity, make the race more exciting. This is just like nowadays, in football, rugby, cricket and many more of our modern day sports resemble the Romans approach to their teams and their support for them. Most men nowadays support a football team and stay loyal and supporting that team.Going to a football match is a really exciting experience, every i supporting the same team will be feeling in a similar way, the atmosphere and feeling that you are all there to weeher supporting your team, taking conk out is a very exciting experience and one that both us and the Romans share. The anxiety of waiting whats going to happen, is he going to push him off the track? Is he going to die? The upthrow when someone does a trick. Is he going to score? Will they be able to score in time? Will he get the penalty? Will he get sent off? It unified people of all sorts of social ranks, and encourages them to socialise just like we go through nowadays. Betting excessively would progress to been and exciting experience for the Romans, just like us and any human being they were money driven. So the prospect of wining some money would ha ve been a very exciting experience, they could have won a lot of money.Just like nowadays when we place a bet on a team or a horse to win a race / match, it then gets us more involved in the match / race, we want the individual / team who we have backed up to win so we win money in return, so you get very excited when maybe your charioteer does a very clever stunt and nocks someone of the track / they are battling it out for first position you al around feel as if you are taking part in the race. The structural features of the circus maximus would have also made it exciting for the Romans the seating meant that they could integrate with women, which they would not get to do a great deal, there are some(prenominal) sources explaining the excitement the men had in checking the women out. Nowadays that would not really affect our excitement on the sport as we are much more combine through daily life than the Romans would have been. Therefore these dont really increase the enjoyment of our sport nowadays.The spina would have also made the race very exciting for the Romans, especially the metea or turning posts, these would have tested even the best charioteers to their limits, when the charioteers r all(prenominal)ed the metea they would try and cut in as close as possible to the metea as possible, this could have resulted in a very bad injury or oddment very easily, if they wear pushed into the metea or turned to most into the metea, as the charioteers approached the metea the crowd would start to cheer more especially when stunts and tricks were pulled on other charioteers. The Romans also enjoyed the egg markers and dolphin markers these would have shown them at what lap they were in the race, obviously it would have been important for the Romans to have been able to keep track of how many laps the charioteers were on.Every time a marker went down / up this would have signified it being closer to the end of the race, I think this would have made it more e xciting for them because it is that time aspect for them, when time is applied to something it often means pressure, whether it be they only have so long to score a goal or to knock their component of the track / make them win. With every lap it would have made it more exciting for the Romans, as there would be less and less charioteers each time and the race would be acquire more violent / heated. Although nowadays although we do have score boards to help us to keep up score I would not say it adds that much to the excitement , only really the time aspect that they have so long left to score / win this game.In the chariot racing most of the competitors would have been slaves, and of a low social stead, they would get exchange to other teams and made to compete in races. In a way the charioteers had their own status within charioteering they had dual status if they were good charioteers they would start from nothing a built their way up the charioteers rank, and become well know n every time a charioteer won in a race they would receive a percentage of the winnings the rest would go to the stables, they would receive quite a superior pay.. This is sort of similar to what we have nowadays for example a footballer might start from nothing and is all of a sudden he is launched into a high status / idolised. In a way the footballers are owned like a slave would be the club / manager owns them and they are sold onto other teams.Just like the charioteers they also receive very high pays. This aspect of charioteering / modern day sport would have made it exciting because you could get to see well known really good charioteers, maybe that you idolised its just like nowadays meeting a really notable footballer like David beck ham something that an average person would find really exciting, because they are iconic figures that people look up to, and you want to see them perform. With chariot racing there is a real danger aspect it seemed the Romans would do anythin g to try and make their sport more dangerous and exciting, teaching the charioteers to bash into each other, the crowd would cheer loudly if someone wasHave a battle with another charioteer / killed them, the Romans were very blood thirsty. The got thrills out of seeing people hurt and force each other close to the edge. Nowadays I dont think we share the Romans passion quite so much for fighting and death/ blood, although for instance in motor racing when the cars are racing and perhaps giving each other nudges I think we do find it exciting we like to see how far we can push things, and if some one crashed and it was quite a big one every one would sort of be talking about it did you see that crash? Without realising we get a sort of buss out of it.I think now looking closely and examining this statement I do agree with it , most of the points I have brung up are connected to chariot racing we share that thrill and excitement the same as the Romans do maybe we just dont realise it as much / it is a bit more toned down.

Basic Device and Security Configuration Essay Example for Free

Basic Device and Security Configuration EssayWhen designing a mesh topology there are basic network and aegis embodiments that one needs to consider. Choosing a host urinate for each device is very important, this allows the practiser to survive what device they are work on. Configuring interfaces with a proper IP, subnet, and descriptions are part of the basic soma of a network device. One needs to consider the security setting for the network devices. There are some basic configurations that one can choose to use in their configuration. Passwords and a username should be used for cheering and remote access to any network device. Enable passwords and encrypting those password are best practices for any engineer.Configuration of a username and password for practical(prenominal) lines, lead help in sustainmenting unwanted persons out of your network device along with, a banner upon logging into a device. Banners are messages that will display a warning to any unauthor ized person looking to access the device. Shutting down unused ports in a switch, will keep unwanted clients of the network and people from just plugging a laptop into the port for access. Remote access is something to think about when configuring a device. SSH (Secure Shell) and telnet are two network protocol used to remote access to a device. SSH is a more secure application that uses higher encryptions of data thus telnet does. To generate the SSH key the use of crypto key generate rsa is used with a 1024 bit key, creates the most secure key. Remote access is a concern to any engineer and should be taken with the highest priority.Commands Used in Basic Device Configurations direct line interface commands that are used in a switch and in a router are the same. Most CLIcommands are configured in the global configuration style. Its always good practice to start with the command erase startup-config, which resulted in the saved NVRAM configuration to be erased. Setting the approp riate hostname for the device is the command hostname name. By naming ones device, this will let the user know what device they are working in. Passwords helped secure the device for the change mode, consoling into the device, and remote access. To set a password to access the enable mode, one need to use the command enable secret password.The configuration of a password for consoling into a device, one needs to be in the line con 0 mode and use the command password, the same command is used for remote access but in the line vty 0-15 mode. When using the enable secrete command, the passwords are displayed in clear text. For more security, service password-encryption is used encrypt the password when a show run command is used to display the running configuration. Enabling SSH mutation 2 is a better choice than version 1. SSH version 2 has stronger cryptographic integrity check and supports password changing. If one configurators their device to support SSH, then there are several commands that need to be configured. A username name password password command needs to be assigned.The ip domain name domain mycompany.com command is used, followed by crypto key generated rsa command. When the engineer types that command the IOS will prompt one for the number of bits. 512 is the default, however, one can choose a bigger number and 1024 bits is recommended. The RSA encryption key is used for authentication and encryption of the SSH data. The transport input telnet ssh command allows telnet and ssh on the virtual lines by being configured in the line vty 0 -15 mode. The interface range interface-interface command is used to make changes in the interface range. One can use this command to shut down all unused ports in a switch. Lastly, the copy run start command was used to copy the recent running configuration to the startup configuration.

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development br oppositely naturalise EssayThe field of psychology has vast aras of interest, and Human growth and suppuration is one of the most popular topics being studied by neighborly fakeers today. The mean of this report is to show how essential it is for a trainee companionable worker to attain a firm understanding of human growth and go againstment, and to ultimately accomplish a foundation of knowledge in this argona. This report leave behind show that, with practice, preparation, sound judgment, reflection and finally application, this foundation of knowledge whoremonger be effectively rehearsed in positive intervention methods. (Crawford 2006)There have been many great theorists over the years, all of who had different ideas on human growth and development. This report bequeath cotton up and discuss 3 theories meniald on the work of Erikson, Bowlby and Bronfenbrenner. Furtherto a greater extent, the report will too throw light on the pros and cons of these theories, identifying and discussing potential issues that whitethorn arise from hardship to mature, as expound in each system.Finally, the report will identify the mathematical function of tender workers in relation to their intervention with a client or family.The outcome of this report will be a sum-up of the key identifying points of each of the 3 theories. Using practical examples, the report will explore the effects of the theories and outcomes that whitethorn arise from failure to mature.The practical examples spendd will aid, fade and fabricate the discussion by spotlighting the action span of the single problems or issues, and will provide an underpinning reason for using each of the theories. Each supposition chosen in this report is interpreted from a different discipline of neighborly intuition psychodynamic, sociological and psychosocial. These three disciplines all have a different emphasis, exclusively structured in all of them is the core principle of determining what shtup potentially influence action course development.The first theory outlined in this report is Bowlbys appurtenance theory. This theory fundamentally sees the earliest bonds phaseed surrounded by children and their c atomic number 18givers as a key factor in human growth and development, having an immense trespass on progression and continuing through and throughout life.This theory will be examined, using social work examples with infants. There will be an explanation of how the theory is vastly important for attaining a firm understanding of the foundational relationships infants build for a healthy development.The imprimatur theory discussed in this report is Bronfenbrenners theory of ecological development. Bronfenbrenners theory describes the influences of further purlieual factors on children, and their positive or negative development.For this theory, social work examples will be chosen from older adults in ord er to help attain an understanding of how environmental factors, at micro and macro levels, shtup influence social workers in relation to the stages of development.The final theory discussed in this report is Erik Eriksons model of life stage development. This theory addresses identity as an exclusive moves through the stages of life, and how they negotiate crisis points in a successful or unsuccessful progression, this effecting healthy development.For this theory, examples of middle-later stages of life will be discussed, and how progression through the life stages dirty dog successfully or unsuccessfully result in a healthy or unhealthy development of the individual.So, what can human growth and development be determined as? Before we discuss in depth the main theories, it would be appropriate to give a definition of human growth and development, and highlight why it is so fundamentally important for social workers to have a firm understanding of the various theories.According to Baltes cited in Crawford (date), human development is multi-dimensional it is do up of biological, cognitive and social dimensions. Physically, from the moment we are conceived till the moment we die, we are developing biologically. Our bodies are consistently moving from one biological tack to another. Subsequently, the growth of our intellectual and social development comes. This begins from very early stages in the course of life and continues across the span of each life. (Thompson)Both Freud and Erikson agree that all individual is born with a number of basic instincts, that development occurs through stages, and that the order of these stages is influenced by biological and sociological maturation (Sigelman, and Shaffer 1992).The Requirements for Social Work pedagogy state that all social work programmes must Ensure that the teaching of theoretical knowledge, skills and values is based on their application to practice. (Department of Health 2002)Theorists, such as Bow lby, Bronbenfrener and Erikson, have different scenes on life span development stages and the individuals evolved behaviour as a consequence or a response to developmental milestones crises. These theories are rooted in the disciplines of sociology, biology and psychology. Each theory provides an explanation, in line with development, for arising issues and problems that individuals face and are all relevant to an understanding of the life course development. (Thompson)Social work practitioners privation to have a wide range of knowledge from a span of theoretical disciplines to ensure that all aspects of an individuals make-up are considered and comprehended when working with them. (Crawford and walker) Using theory can give an explanation as to why an action resulted in a particular consequence. This can help us review and possibly change our practice in an attempt to make the consequences to a greater extent effective. (Beckett)Developmental theory provides a framework for ord ering the lifecycle and accounts. For factors that may shape development at specific stages. It discusses the multiple. Bio-psycho-social factors impacting development, explores the tasks to be accomplished. At each stage and considers successes and failures in light of other stages. Developmental theories as well as fair game to recognise individual unlikenesss in development. JournalThe course of life is different for each individual, and is influenced by the events and experiences that people go through throughout their lives. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) Understanding the impact of transitions within a mortals course of life is important for social work practice, as it aids the social worker in attaining a firm understanding of other peoples lives, so they can effectively intervene with appropriate values. Using theory can help justify actions and explain practice to service users, carers and society in general. The aim is for this to lead to social work becoming more widely accountable and ultimately more respected. (Beckett )The use of theories in social work practice underpins how social workers approach their tasks. As social workers, we need to recognise the opportunities to work with people through transitions as an opportunity to grow. We need to try to enable people to use these events to trigger change, move on and develop. (Crawford) When a social worker works with an individual, utilising theories which may relate to a specific situation, will give us more direction in our work. It is clear then that theory is important in practice both for work with service users and for social work to be more valued in society. (Beckett)After the definition of human growth and development and the brief discussion of why a theory is important in social work practice, this report will now discuss the adhesion theory and will explain why it can be positively used in approach and effectively in practice.4So, what is the bond theory? To start with, lets defi ne the word attachment it means a strong emotional bond surrounded by two people.Forming an attachment is based on a two-way interaction. The behaviours from an infant, such as crying, reaching, grasping and making eye contact, and the response of the caregiver both work as a reciprocal process to develop and strengthen attachment. (Woods) According to (Crawford), children use the people they are attached to as a safe base to explore, a source of comfort and a source of encouragement and guidance.According to (Fahlberg, 1991, cited in Howe), attachment aids children in attaining their full intellectual potential, sorts out what children perceives, assists them in logical thinking, helps them develop a conscience, teaches them to become more self-reliant, aids them in coping with stress and frustration, helps them handle fear and worry, assists them in developing future relationships and helps down jealousy. In 1953, a psychoanalyst named John Bowlby wrote the book Child Care a nd the Growth of Love. In this book, Bowlby put forward his theory that the relationship between a mother and her child, during the childs first year, is of vital importance and can greatly affect the development of the child in later life.This theory is known as the attachment theory, and it is still being used and discussed today, although it has been altered and adapted to suit the modern day economic environment and the change in the family unit over the gone 50+ years. (Jeremy Holmes, 1993)Bowlby believes that attachment begins at infancy and develops throughout an individuals life, and that there are many distinctive behavioural control systems needed for continued existence and proliferation. The attachment and exploration systems are the main central points in Bowlbys attachment theory. (Elliot Reis, 2003)(Crawford) Bowlbys Maternal deprivation Hypostasis, the forerunner of the attachment theory, believes that if an infant was unable to develop a warm, well-read and conti nuous relationship with his or her mother or permanent mother substitute, then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people, and would be at the guess of behavioural disorders. Bowlby says Mothers love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health. (Cardwell)(Bowlby 1988) goes on to say that without a secure base of first attachment relationships, children will not be able to cope with separations of normal life. For Bowlby, the impact of prolonged separation on children is viewed as maternal deprivation. Bowlby describes this as being the temporary or permanent loss to children of their mothers care and attention. Bowlby believes that prolonged separation of children from their mothers, especially during the first five years of their lives, is a major cause of delinquent behaviours and mental health issues. (Crawford)Mary Ainsworth developed a method, whereby a childs behaviour is observed whe n reunited with his or her mother after a short separation. This is known as the strange situation, and it has become widely used to determine whether the attachment was secure or insecure. Ainsworths strange situation is used to measure Bowlbys hypotheses that early relationship experiences affect later adult functioning. The strange situation procedure consists of eight three-minute episodes that have been arranged so as to create profit levels of stress for a child that will activate attachment behaviours that investigateers can then observe.The resulting behaviour was used to classify the child into one of three categories. These categories are insecure avoidant attachment, secure attachment and insecure revolting attachment. Securely attached children were able to balance their need to explore the environment with their need for comfort and indorse from their caregiver in relation to their feelings of stress. Insecure avoidant attached children, when stressed, continued to explore the environment, showing minimal need for comfort and support. The children who were classified as having insecure resistant attachments stop their exploration and return to their care giver show the maximum amount of attachment behaviours. Main (1991) has since identified a fourth category that of the disorganize/ disorientated child. (Cardwell)According to Bowlby a central tenet of attachment is thatPeople developmental representations,Or internal working models, thatConsist of expectations about the self, significantOthers and the relationship between the two. (Bowlby, 1969, 1973)The main criticism of Bowlbys attachment theory came from J.R. Harris. It is often assumed that hard working, kind, honest and well-respected parents will have children who will turn out to be handle them. On the other hand, in the case of parents who are bad social occasion models, rude, and disrespectful, the children will end up the same when they become adults. According to Harris, this ma y be far from the truth.Harris (2008), believes that a parent does not determine a childs personality or character, and that a childs external social factors have more influence than anything else. A good example of this taken from Harris is a child from an immigrant family. Although the parents may well pick up a new language, they will still have an mark from their native language. The child, on the other hand, will learn the new language, and will speak it without an accent. Children are more influenced by their peers than their parents. (Harris, 1998).Criticisms were also levelled at Bowlbys theories because of his ideas that he reason from work he had undertaken with juvenile delinquents who had been separated early in their lives from their mothers. The criticism is that the theories are unrepresentative of the general population, and involved too small a sample.It was also argued that not all maternally deprived children became juvenile delinquents. But in agreement with Bow lby, Stroufe (1979) stated We cannot assume that early experiences will several(prenominal)how be cancelled out by later experiences. Lasting consequences of early inadequate experiences may be subtle and complex. (Cardwell)Research has shown that, contrary to Bowlbys idea of monotropy (one primary caregiver), children can form more than one significant attachment, and these need not be towards the biological parents, and can be of either sex, although there is often a definite hierarchy. An infants attachment to his or her founder is as strong as the mothers in the first few days of life. Then the attachment changes because of the different amount of time purchasable for the parents to interact with the infant, given the work commitments. Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures for their infants, but the circumstances that lead to selecting the mother or the father may differ. For example, the father is usually selected for playing. (Schaffer Emerson 19 64)According to Parke (1981), Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures, the father is not just a silly substitute for the mother. (Cardwell)When feel at how attachment theory is applied to social work practice, Coulshed (1988) proposed that psychology has been useful in the degree to which you can apply some of the theories, if you are prepared to see theoretical contributions as ways of enriching your thinking and understanding. You will gain a broad framework of information through which you will recognise the complexities and possible causes of human suffering.The attachment theory provides a valuable model in understanding relationships of families in need and promoting new and healthy attachments (Daniel et al 1999). The attachment theory has had an impact on many domain of a functions relating to how children are cared for, including the legal framework it operates under and how run for children have developed. Some of the areas, where clear links ca n be made to practice being underpinned by the attachment theory has effected changes, areWhen negotiating contact between children and their families it is undertaken from a child centre perspective rather from the adults involved. This may include having closer links with grandparents, relatives and any other persons who the child considers significantly important to them. (Howe)Attachment theories underpin the policies that are relevant to the development of children in public care, and form the basis for assessing their needs, such as pre-placement and post-placement support systems. The effects of separation and loss that children have experienced can be taken into account when assessing their needs. (Oloughlin)Social Work as a profession can promote the needs of children through influencing policy and practice e.g. acknowledgement that delays in placing children may be detrimental to their wellbeing should ensure that the adoption and fostering processes can be as speedy and e fficient as possible. Likewise, it is clear from research that children are adversely affected by the loss of familiar peers. Children who hold on friendships over time are seen to have greater social skills and better social adjustment. This should also be promoted. (Aldegate et al)The attachment theory has allowed optimism to develop towards caring for children, as a less distorted and confused catch of child development has emerged. It is now seeming that a healthy development can occur in many different family environments. There are many right ways of meeting childrens needs. (OLoughlin)The second theory discussed in this report is derived from the discipline of sociology. Sociological theoretical perspectives explain human development by examining the interactions between people and the society in which they live. Sociologist theorists research this by looking at influencing factors at different levels of society. (Crawford)Unlike other disciplines of human development theo ries in which service users problems are conceptualized on individual impairment, sociological perspectives on human development seek to gain a full understanding by locating the persons problems within his or her experiences in a broader picture of social and historical circumstances. In other words, rather than directly focusing on the problem and the persons inability to cope, the problem would be assessed in terms of the impact of the economic and political conditions of the day. (Cunningham and Cunningham).One theorist whose theory has being particularly influential in the study of human development is Uri Bronfenbrenner 1917 2005.Bronfenbrenner developed a theory to explain how everything in a child and the childs environment affects how a child grows and develops. His theory is known as the ecological systems theory, and it approaches a childs development by looking at different levels of interaction, from family, local communities and schools to economic and political cond itions that are all influential to the development of the individual in his or her course of life. He uses the terms Microsystems, exosystem and macrosystem. He suggests that there is a reciprocal process of interaction, in that the child is both influenced by and influences his or her environment at each of the levels. (Crawford)The ecological environment is thought of asNested structures encircled within and inside the other like a set of Russian dolls. Starting with the most inside to the outside, these networks are described as micro systems, meso systems and macro systems (Brunfenbrenner, 1994).The work of Bronfenbrenner has been particularly influential in social work practice and is the model that underpins the framework for the assessment of children in need and their families (department of health, 2000 cited in Crawford). The theory also encourages social workers to grasp the concept and understanding of the sociological imagination, and develop this in relation to service users own lives and practice. As social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments (NOSS), this approach, therefore, helps social workers to locate service users within an understanding of the bigger picture that underlies their lives. (NOSS)Applying an ecological approach can be best understood as looking atpersons, families, cultures, communities and policies, and identifying and intervening upon strengths and weaknesses in the transactional processes between these systems. A practical example of this in practice would be the use of the ecological perspective when carrying out assessment and for planning intervention for older adults in the community. Although it is theoretical, it is very practical, as it provides a kind of a map to guide us through very confusing terrain Stevenson 1998 cited in aldegate)The population of the UK is ageing. Over the last 25 years, the percentage of the population aged 65 and over increase from 15 per cent in 1984 to 16 per cent in 2009, an increase of 1.7 million people. (Gov statistics)Elderly individuals are vulnerable and in need of social services because they often live alone, and can be subject to numerous health difficulties, such as difficulties in functional ability.As elderberry bush adults experience an increase need for care, it is predicted that, in many cases, family caregivers will begin to have a higher level of physical, emotional and financial burden. All of these issues combined warrant an increase in research related to meeting the needs of the elderly and their families living in our communities (Crawford).EST is an ideal approach for assessing the needs of elderly adults living in communities. devoted the rapidly increasing numbers of baby boomers reaching retirement age and beginning to require extended support, it is important for communities and families to address the best fit for the senior adult later in life. EST addresses the micro, meso and macro systems that are an extension of the individual, and works to obtain resources in order to improve support and expand networks necessary to maintain good quality of life for senior adults. (Journal)The ecological perspective analyzes how well the individual or family fits with their environment, and is based on the assumption that when a person or group is connected and engaged within a supportive environment, functioning improves. In order to determine the best fit, usually for an individual, there is an examination of the difference between the amount of social support needed by the person and the amount of social support available in the existing environment. Once this assessment has taken place, the social worker engages with the individual and works together with him or her to offer the support needed. One unique feature of the ecological model is its lofty concept of human development within an environmental perspective. (Bekett)Social work practice has an overarching meta-paradigm that emphasizes the person in the environment. This meta-paradigm is linked with an ecological systems perspective as a focus of attention. EST is compatible with this belief system and helps support a theoretical approach for practice at the micro, meso and macro levels with individuals, families and communities.Social workers need to be aware of how the changing needs of families will affect psychosocial and emotional factors for the elderly individuals and their family caregivers. Examples of such issues include geographical location of family members when the senior adult is in need of care, role reversal when there is a shift in the family system and a parent becomes more dependent upon an adult child, and the anticipated grief and bereavement as spouses and adult children care for elderly family members over an extended period of time.The final theory of discussion is Erick Eriksons eight stages of man. Eriksons theory is an extension and modification to Freuds psychoanalytical th eory on explaining the development of the personality through childhood stages of psychosexual development. Erikson, however, provides a more comprehensive framework for human lifespan through a series of genetically influenced sequence of psychosocial stages. The term psychosocial describes an approach that considers the impact of both the individual psychology and the social context of peoples lives on their individual development.(Crawford) Each stage involves a battle between contradictory resultant personalities, and each stage has either adaptive or maladaptive qualities. To develop into a healthy, mature adult, the adaptive must outweigh the maladaptive. (Richard Gross, 2005). In other words, he suggests that people confront a series of developmental challenges or conflicts, each occurring at particular and predictable measure or stages in their lives.One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the consc ious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing owing to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In profit to ego identity (Quote), Erikson believes that a sense of competence also motivates behaviours and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes refers to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. (Quote)In each stage, Erikson believes people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are centred on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.Eriksons eight life stages1. Basic trust versus mistrust2. Self-control versus shame and doubt3. Initiative versus guilt4. Competence versus inferiority5. personal identity versus role confusion6. Intimacy versus isolation7. Generativity versus stagnation8. Ego-integrity versus despairErikson suggests that whereas the outcome of moving through a life stage is unfavourable, the individual will take in it more challenging to meet the trials of the next stage. Erikson further suggests that if individuals fail to develop through a stage, they may return to unsettled earlier points in their lives. (Crawford) storey five is commonly associated with adolescence Erickson 1995 recognised this as the critical crisis of adolescence in the eight stages of development identity versus role confusion. He believes that a successful transition through childhood would lead to a progressive success to resolve this stage (Crawford). Erikson considers the fifth stage, that of adolescence, in the developmental process to be of particular importance. He considers that by the end of this period of psychosocial moratorium, adolescents should have achieved ego identity, that is the integration of their own self perceptions into their core identity which is both psychological and social. But he notes that some unexampled people experience difficulty or find it impossible to commit themselves to adult roles, thus characterizing this as a period of identity crisis. When adolescents fail to achieve ego identity, it is considered to be identity role diffusion.Applying Eriksons model to social work can help identify with individuals whether or not they have progressed successfully at previous life stages. It can also help individuals clarify and address their strengths, expectations and limitations, a duty expected of the social worker according to NOSS Key role 1(Crawford).The psychosocial perspective enables social workers to consider the influences of the relationship between the internal world of the se rvice users and the social environment in which they live. (Howe 1987 cited in Crawford)However, Eriksons stages are criticised alongside other psychosocial stage approaches to human development because they do not incorporate difference and diversity. They are culturally specific and differences between sexuality and gender are not easily explained, because the theory was developed from a male perspective. CrawfordBeing too fixed and deterministic in real life, it is not possible to divide ones life into neat stages. The theory also does not consider the significance of social change in different societies and across different cultures. The model suggests there are universal experiences that all people encounter. Anthony Giddens 1991 cited in Crawford argues that modern society is continually changing, and that people pursue many different paths through their lives.Erikson describes the concept of a life cycle as implying some kind of self completion (Erikson, 1982 p. 9 cited in Cr awford). This use of the word cycle can be criticised for implying a bank note process whereby, in the later years of life, there is a return to the dependency of childhood. (Crawford)In conclusion this assignment has looked atSocial workers need to develop an understanding of theories from a range of disciplines in order to take a holistic approach to their practice. (Crawford)Whilst it is important for social workers to have knowledge of these theories, none of the theories can be easily applied to explain a persons course of life. One theory may be relevant to a particular person at a particular moment in time. For example, one theory may be useful for child development, but not so useful in explaining the challenges of life events that influence growth and development in later life. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) All people are individuals and deserve the right to be treated as such. To do anything less would be seen as an act of oppressive practice. Social workers need to draw on many different resources and theories available to them in order to real meet service users needs. (Beckett 2007)

Natural And Man Made Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Natural And globe Made Pollution Environmental Sciences EssayPollutions atomic number 18 two types. The natural and Man Made. The natural pollution is caused and produced naturally and will not affect our environment because of its regeneration ability. The Man made pollution is being made by earth and have huge affect on our environment and definitely ourselves. The reason of increase the pollution daily is because of raising of population of the world since it is getting medium-larger there is need to contact to the environment to fork all over the necessaries of clements. By developing the new technologies and using them to reach and discover new resources people have had a bad affect on the planet. It is clear that the small population with new technologies will not affect the environment or if it is affecting it is not that very much an bathroom be controlled while huge population by using the technologies will clearly have bad results for the planet.Pollution is cha mpion of the major geld and concern. It has not been happened recently or accidently. It is humans mistake since long years back and has been beside us since many years ago . We must be clever try hard to save our energies and resources and we have to have a good management and programs to protect the resources that we be using nowadays which we might not have them in coming years. We should use them usefully and try to prevent any type of pollution to our Environment and save the earth and resources for our future and provide a better living place. In General There are 6 ( Six ) types of pollution . Which we are going to discuss about quartet of them that it is believed to be the major ones.Air PollutionWater PollutionRadioactive PollutionRADIATION POLLUTION beam of light is any kind of ionizing and nonionizing radiation that is caused by human activity. Nuclear fountain generating plants are the well known source of generating radiation however there is other ways in which rad iation is overly emitted like any nuclear devices, medical X rays microwaves and experimental research laboratories. only the amount of radiation that are emitted is considerably less than the nuclear power generator plants but is nuclear plants the amount of radiation al always under the check by the workers and specialists. In case that the radiation level is increasing in nuclear reactors the specialists will shut down the reactor or decrease the nuclear chain reaction. (Radiation, library.Thinkquest, 2011)Radiation has bad effects on both land and human health. The land that is exposed to radiation will not be unfertile and if something grows on the land will have considerably gamey amount of radiation in the fruits and vegetables which is really bad for human health to consume. Radiation takes hundreds of years to vanish. If a person is exposed to radiation it is very austere and can lead to cancer, anemia, burns and vomiting. In some cases the genetic disorders are caused by radiation such(prenominal) as mutation over long terminus of time mostly in off springs. The effect of radiation to human health depends on the amount of radiation that the person is exposed to and there is similarly many more such as the length of exposure, kind of radiation, age, and the individuals health and also exposed body parts. Nowadays exposure to radiation is minimal because of technical advancement. However it can come from damaged nuclear plants, accidents from transporting of nuclear fuel and wastes. (The effects of radiation, biology-online, 2011)Nuclear wastes must be stored in heavily shielded shut containers and be stored in areas away from biological habitats the safest storage sites are in deep caves or abandoned salt mines.To avoid radiation prevent over exposure to x-rays and CT scans, avoid living near nuclear plants or stay there for too long and stay clear of radioactive strongs and elements. Radiation exposure is a real danger. As Japan is battling i ts worst nuclear crisis. Radiation leakages threaten the health of the entire humanity. In Time Magazine, Prof. John K.C. Leung gives advice on radiation exposure how to avoid radiation exposure. Remember nuclear radiation exposure can travel through clouds. It doesnt really matter where you are. If the radioactive atomic materials can travel through air, then it can go anywhere.(According to newsbalita, 2011). John K.C. Leung explains that the general protocol for those who find themselves in danger of exposure to nuclear material should stay indoors the walls will provide some measure of protection from the radiation, close the windows and doors plus turn off the ventilation system.Various people oblige nuclear experimentation and suggest that by the help of technological advancements and the above safety precautions, radiation pollution/exposure can be controlled and avoided for example jibe to (biology-online, 2011)Today, high level exposure is very rare due to the advancem ent of technology. It could come from defective or badly damage nuclear plants, ammunitions of factories, and nuclear war. However radiation moves everywhere and its hard to contain for example experts say radiation can travel through clouds. It doesnt really matter where you are. If the radioactive atomic materials can travel through air, then it can go anywhere (newsbalita, 2011)Water pollutionWater pollution is an undesirable change in the state of pissing, which contains harmful substances. It is an important environmental issue like Air pollution .Water pollution is the physical, chemical and biological properties of water which contains harms other living organisms. Polluted water is indispose for drinking and for other consumption purposes. Since its polluted, it harms human beings and other living organism which use water as it contains viruses, bacteria, intestinal parasites and other harmful microorganisms. It also causes diesis such as diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid. Due to pollutants entire ecosystem gets disturbed infected.The causes of pollution are disease-causing agents. These are bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms that enter sewage systems and untreated waste, oxygen-demanding wastes which can be decomposed by oxygen-requiring bacteria. Oxygen levels in the water depletes when large amount of decomposing bacteria converts, which becomes the causes of death of other organisms in the water, such as fish.Another pollutant of water is water-soluble inorganic pollutants, such as acids, salts and toxic metals. Large quantities of these compounds make the water unfit for drink and cause death of aquatic life.Nutrients are also water pollutants, they are water-soluble nitrates and phosphates that cause excessive growth of algae and other water plants, which deplete the waters oxygen supply. Its dangerous as, it kills fish and might kill child if found in drink water.Water Pollution CausesAlthough certain natural processes may cause s ome of the water pollution, however, the largest cause of our seas, rivers and lakes getting polluted is the human activity. We use water every day both in our industries and at homes. We get this water from groundwater sources, rivers, and lakes, and after using it, and often contaminating it, most of this water gets back into the rivers, lakes, and oceans. (Water treatment purification, 2009)A major problem in developing countries is the disposal of sewage, as there is no adequate sanitation in large areas, thus carrying disease causing bacteria and viruses into sources of water. In countries that are developed, people often flush pharmaceutical and chemical products into their toilet. (Water treatment purification, 2009)Air pollution centre in the air that cause harm to humans and the environment are known as air pollutants. Pollutants can be in form of substantial particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.Pollutants can be classified a s primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or southward dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. They form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone, one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary that is, they are both emitted directly and organise from other primary pollutants.(Pollution Greenhouse gas)Air

Increasing Floorspace Construction Plan

Increasing Floorspace Construction PlanAfter the negotiation of the final contract, EID was containn the authorization to begin the task.But there was no globe notice to proceed and the duration of the ramble was not closely monitored or contractu solelyy specified.In the appointment of an owners representative during the envision phase, to expedite owners decisions and approvals, Mr. Ian Leadbetter, a mechanically skillful and softw be engineer, was appointed as the owner representative even though he lacked go for focal point training and experience.Failures in submittal reviews Mr. Leadbetter was occupied with the software increment and did not have a measuring stickized branch in place for the approval of submittals and other key shake off management owner processes. innovation process failures There was no process that was in place to deal with the expansion of the issue train. This change caused the software aspiration micturate that was executed to be fling r esulting in Mr. Ledbetters need to focus on redesign of the software and not on his duties of facilitating and communicating information amidst all discussion sectionies. Since there were no processes on order for submittal reviews and approvals, there was a signifi nett delay in the delivery of the intersection train equipment.During the winding phase, there were numerous problems that resulted including inter-coordination of shop drawings to design causing the structure of the building to be designed five feet less than necessary for the mathematical product train, owner representatives conducting business with subcontractors without the contractor being present, and other problems with process and skillful management. There was no communications plan in place for the project.Failures in completion enumeration and getting occupancy consent tos There were delays due to a lean of shortfalls in the project management system. The management failed to hold EID accountable fo r project completion and closeout causing delays in schedule. EID did not provide the building occupation permit nor did they comply with scheduling requirements for utility tie-ins causing several weeks in lost production.b.The real objectives of Woody were as fol embarrassedsIncrease the production capacity by 25%Increase the flooring of the production plantInstall air conditioningInstall dust free blushering and finishing shopAdd superfluous compressor capacityCompletely install a semi-automatic wood working production trainRenovate the President and Vice-Presidents officese.The projects success buns be gauged by their shackle to cost, prison term, usage of resources and flavor standards.Cost Maximum cost allowed was $ 17 one thousand thousand. Having a cut back over the budget, without any deviations would be success criteria.Time The maximum time allowed for the project was 18 months. Any deviation from this would reflect poorly.Quality Adherence to both product and proc ess whole step would be important. Product quality piece of ass be obtaind by the Conditions of Satisfaction established by the customer, in this case the management board of Customs Wood Work. The second quality standard drop be measured by the criterion set by the project squad up in order to obtain the final product. edge quality has to be give riseed at every stage.2. find out ScopeSet up in 1954, Custom Wood Works had diversified into the manufacturing of made-to-order kitchen and keister cabinets, furniture for wholesalers/retailers along with its traditional offering of customized furniture. The company had even occupyn up sub contract work supplying installing counter overstep and cabinets for commercial constructions.With the mini-boom in the construction industry, Custom Wood Works was set to expand its manufacturing business. The company was looking to enter the field of manufacturing by computer controlled automation. To give a certain grandeur to this strateg y, the offices of the President and the Vice-President were being refurbished.The scope of the project includes increasing the floor space available to the company with a focus on increasing the companys production capacity by 25%. It also includes setting up of a new semi-automatic wood working production train complete with air-conditioning facilities and a dust free painting shop. The project even includes renovation of the President and Vice-Presidents office.The additives to Woodys project plan should include Sales AssessmentAn assessment of perpetrate sales contracts and communicate contracts should be done to get wind that production can still be agree during proposed construction and that customer demands for scheduling and delivery requirements are met. There should be a strategic planning session which includes administration, sales, and production to ensure a high standard for customer satisfaction during proposed construction process.A detailed sales and marketing p lan should be prepared and should have contingency planning in case the market falls in a certain sector.Process and Recommended PMLC modelA complete systems flow should be developed to include document, task and schedule responsibility, and allow for the integrated coordination between the owner, design and construction teams, and governing agencies. A Woody 2000 project steering committee should be formed that includes the administrator management team and key leaders of the project.strategic planning and focus groupsA systematic strategic planning session with various groups in the organization should be organized. Sub focus group which includes finance, production and administration should be formed. All meetings would have very detailed meeting minutes to include new and old business, pending issues and accountability milestones. A task-tracking record can be maintained in distributively of the key discip tasks.Evaluate Design and ConstructabilityValue engineering, systems analysis, interior and exterior specialation selections, weapons platform requirements, and overall design emergence coordination should be included. Existing production output should be reviewed along with new technologies and the affect upgraded machinery would have on production. Existing production capability should be maintained in order to service existing clients. render sequencing and mobilizationA complete interfacing of the Woody 2000 project program requirements with the existing operations to determine various solutions for construction mobilization should be included.Pre-construction scheduleWoodys executive team should be included in the overall development of the pre-construction schedule with related tasks and accountability time lines. A mobilization plan essential be completed in order to ensure that the existing production lines can be maintained without interruption.Financial Performa and feasibilityVarious alternatives to the proposed expansion including Fin ancial Performa, implications of proposed construction, system for programming spaces, methodologies for hiring of design and construction teams, design development process, implementation process, cost controls, and quality control procedures, should be developed.Contractor selection methodologyA militant bidding process for the selection of the General Contractor should be followed. A preconstruction conference would be held in which the construction documents would be handed out and the project parameters be discussed and established with contractors.b.Woodys plan in managing the project included the followingAppointing Spencer Moneysworth as the Project LeadInviting Expert Industrial Developers to quote on the construction.A monthly bullion flow was developed by Kim Cashman.Mr. Leadbetter was appointed to take over the periodical running of the project.Various vendors like Piecemeal Corporation etc. were appointed to supply the necessities for the impending construction.The i nstallation of the mechanical equipment in the dust free paint shop was given to Amos Dent of Tinknockers Associates.The local inspection authority was asked to intervene and check for contour with the regulatory policies.An additional line of project financing was open up to meet the escalated costs, because of the delay in completion.An expensive marketing strategy was launched to win back the lost customers.For post project appraisal, project management advisor W. Easley Associates were retained.A new and improved project management plan should include the following Programming guidelines1.Design reviewReview Architectural and Engineering Design Services Agreements and ensure that these agreements have definitive date constraints and design to budget parameters.2.Review Programming Objectivesa. fix the Woody team overall desires, intentions, goals and objectives for their expansion and develop a complete needs assessmentb. Con solid the long range facility strategies and the n ecessary sales and marketing strategies needed to keep the new production train generative for its proper production to payback ratio.3. Review Programming Documentsa. Confirm the assessment and audit of Owners existing facilities and determine specific needs to projected revenues.Review existing operations to ensure that production is not affected by the construction process.b. Ensure the Owners facility needs are fully attested by the use of a program manual and needs assessment log.d. co-ordinate with the executive team the overall requested program to decipher between needs and wants and obtain necessary approvals.4. Review/Maintain Overall Project cipher (OPB)a. Confirm the Owners needs and constraints regarding overall project budget and develop compact budgeting throughout design development phase.b. Confirm coordination of the budget with the program to insure sufficient funds are set aside and that the sequencing of work is in line with projected cash flow.c. Determine c ash flow requirements and projections for the duration of the master schedule and coordinate with the finance office.d. Prepare periodic reports to document the planned cash flow versus actual cash flow and report to the Woody 2000 executive steering committee.5. Review/Maintain Overall Project Schedule (OPS)a. Validate the precedent schedule and expand the final project schedule and identify study milestones and the critical path for project.b. Validate major team members needs, responsibilities and detailed scheduling of team members work including owner supplied equipment, subcontractors, and the entire project workforce.6. Review Site Due Diligence7. Zoning Surveys organise and confirm approvals for proper permitting.a. Transportation Confirm the emergency of a traffic management plan to ensure that the 850 existing employees have ample parking and are not affected by the construction.b. Legal restrictions Confirm approvals for equipment and new paint shop area.c. Envir onmental reports Soils investigation Confirm that all soils reports are sufficient for the new building footers and structure.e. Existence and capacity of utilities and infrastructure Coordinate with the appropriate utility companies to confirm that all expanded utilities are scheduled properly and without delay.f. Determine applicable government and community agency requirements, approvals and permit.b.Design Process1.Confirm procurance Agreements Design Servicesa. Confirm list of consultants, contractors and vendors whose services may be required in the purchasing of design services.b. Monitor the development of agreements to be awarded to successful bidders, all required contracts must be based on hard numbers or guaranteed maximum pricing.2.Performance Compliancea. Coordinate the specification of materials with the Owners needs there should be careful consideration given to the production train equipment.b. With the design consultants, develop procedures for material testin g and test reporting.3. consultant Coordinationa. Monitor the coordination of consultants and vendors in such areas as the production train equipment and other specialized equipment necessary for the expansion space.4.Program and Design Compatibilitya. Confirm with the design consultants that the evolution designs are compatible with the program, master schedule, master budget and quality expectations.b. Confirm with the design consultants that the design as developed is compatible with the Owners needs.5.Submittalsa. Monitor design submittals and approvals.6. indemnificationa. Confirm that design consultants have and maintain insurance in accordance with the Owners needs.7.Cost Controla. Manage procurement of conceptual estimates of construction costs.b. Assist with time value engineering ideas.8.Financinga. Assist Owner with developing a process for managing use of the contingency fund.b. Make adjustments as necessary to project current and hereafter cash flows.4. Qualitya. Mai ntaining quality in this case, includesAdherence to procedures and processesEnforcement of the processesIssuance of completion certificatesProcedures and processesQuality assurance of The Woody 2000 project can only be established through proactive involvement of the management team, interaction with the Owner, and design personnel. The tools to come upon the same includeDesign reviews-Constructability reviews value analysisSubmittal control and approvalPre-construction meetings for major building componentsPartnering Sessions at key intervals of the project to clarify project standards and goalsEducating trade contractors in the QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) requirements of the project.Quality assurance and control of the Construction theatre director and subcontractors and in field operations should begin during the design phase to determine that the contract requirements are clearly understood by all parties. Periodic inspections must be conducted to ensure that all items are in conformance, or that non-conforming items are corrected.EnforcementA regular quality inspection process should be documented. If the quality program is not implemented properly, a notice should be given to the parties involved, calling for an immediate resolution.3.Review and issuing completion certificateAs certain phases of the project are completed, a list of expected deliverables should be given to the contractors. The subcontractors are expected to cross check the expected deliverables with the actual deliverables and call in the quality team for a review. On successful completion fo the review, the completion certificate may be given to the contractor.b.Leadbetter didnt invoke the quality specifications as he had not been trained in project management experience and lacked the desired skills. The result of it were the following The specification of the production train was changed to increase capacity resulting in the rewriting of the software. This increased debugging at the start-up.Review and approval procedures for the various specifications and drawings were not taken, because of which there was a delay in getting the approval. variety show in the production plans made it imperative to add another 5 feet to the length of the building.Delay in receiving and reviewing the catalogue descriptions and other specifications.Failure to meet the local environmental compliance standards, as set by the inspection authority.Building occupation certificate couldnt be obtained.Owners inspection and dry-run tests of the production train couldnt be performed.Customer delivery dates were mazed and general contractors cancelled their orders.Depletion in the finished goods inventory and hence loss of face and sales opportunities.Resultant delay in the completion of the project, ensured that costs escalated and required an additional line of financing to be opened up.c.The importance of quality for such a project is because of the following reasons En sures minimum re-work.Would ensure complete usage of the resourcesThe project would be under the stipulated budget.Proper quality would refer to compliance of standards and procedures.The project can be completed indoors the stipulated time.8. Communication and People chargea. Organization ChartProject Chartb.Leadbetter when appointed to take care of the project lacked the knowledge which would have made him an indispensable part of the project. He lacked project management training and experience. He did not have any grounding in the sympathy of the project life- steering wheel and control concepts. But Leadbetter had specialization in the understanding of the semi-automatic manufacturing machinery, which was the area of expansion of the organization. As such, with the start of the production run, this knowledge would have proven to be an asset ot the company. Hence, imparting training in project management and nurturing of his skills would have helped the company.c.Communication PlanThe communication plan addresses crucial items which should include Responsibility Matrix, Team Coordination, Master Schedule and Specific levels of reporting for different levels of individuals within the project design and construction team. Individual team members should receive specific types of reports such as project team meeting minutes monthly executive reports, schedule etc. Project goals are to be established and documented so each team member understands the common objectives. A Procedures Manual (PMP) should be completed which has all approved processes and procedures for the project.Progress meetingsThese meetings are important and should be conducted at least weekly, with trade contractors and key subcontractors, to discuss current progress and accomplish milestone objectives, forecast the weeks progress and goals, address problems encountered and actions required to correct any deficient work. This entails two primary goalsTo provide a series of tools for accura te observe of the progress of the project.To provide thorough, accurate records of the project to protect the owner from potential disputes or legal problems. Therefore, the following is tracked and recorded on each projectThis can be achieved through rade Contractor Daily Reports, Construction Photos, Daily Logs, Testing/Inspection Services, Shop Drawings/Submittals, Document concern, Progress Meetings, Schedule Enforcement, Progress Reporting, resort Inspections etc.Contract Administration and Field CoordinationThe project manager should oversee the coordination of efforts between each contract, including issues such as accessibility to the site, maintenance of both unglamourous and vehicular traffic, eliminating disruption to on-going existing activities, tie-ins of utilities and roadways, compatibility of construction methods, construction phasing and utilization of construction forces.Information Management SystemsAn Information Management System which implements, tracks an d records all the various elements of Project management, planning, organization, meetings and reviews, site logistics, shop drawings, field orders, and document control, should be bought into place.Decision TrackingA decision tracking system can be designed to keep the project moving. Whenever a critical issue is identified by the project team, the system would track the issue, its impact, its source, and the party responsible for the action on the issue. As individuals take action on the issue, the system would track each action taken and identify the next responsible party in the process of reaching a decision on the issue. As each issue is resolved, the decision tracking system would close the issue, but preserves the history of the decision process.RFIs Requests for InformationThese forms can be used regularly to stimulate communication between all project team members, including the owner and architect. These requests receive immediate attention and are valuable in aiding th e team members to anticipate conflicts before they become problems.d.Expected Communication during executionThis should include Design Package LogTracks drawings, specifications and key dates as needed.pending C.O. LogThis log tracks owner and designer wish list items and cost. They allow for timely decisions while maintaining the project budget.Team Action ListTracks actions needed to accomplish schedule goals and facilitated those actions.Bi-Weekly Schedules and MeetingsMeetings, facilitating communication and planning among team members. These are directed mainly at trade contractors, but also need support from the owner and architect. touch MeetingBi-Weekly meetings which includes owner representatives to facilitate major decisions and exchange valuable information.Submittal LogTracks all submittals by trade contractors requiring approval by the architect and engineers.Daily man queen ReportsThis report tracks trade contractors manpower. This report is reviewed daily and weekly to monitor adequacy of work forces necessary to maintain schedule.CCA Status ReportsTracked changes (Contract Change Authorization) and the Owners contingencies available for changes. interchange/Value Engineering LogTracks potential additive and deductive changes that the Owner may wish to implement.Three-Month CalendarA three-month calendar with all upcoming meetings and major events can be included with all meeting minutes and updated weekly.10. Cost Controla.Reasons for the initial high price of EIDThe initial bid of EID amounted to $ 20 million on a 18 month schedule. EID believed that Woodys would need considerable help with their project planning and had allowed for a number of uncertainties. EID allowed to undertake the work on a fully reimbursable contract. The counter offer EID made was to do the work on their cost but solicit fixed price quotations for all sub-trade work.Their position was commonsensical because of 2 reasonsThe hourly rate paid would cover all the direc t wages/salaries, pay roll burden, head-office overhead and profit. This rate would apply to all engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning for which EID would employ another subcontractor for the building and design workThe number of hours put in by EID can be monitored effectively by Woodys.b.2 years after the project was first launched, there was no meaningful planning for completion. Owners acceptance, testing, dry-run and production start-up of the production train had not been carried out. Also the occupation certificate had not been availed. Due to late delivery of the production train, the tie-in of power and other utility connections scheduled for the annual 2 week maintenance shut-down could not take place. Customer delivery dates were missed and some general contractors cancelled their contracts and placed their orders for mill work elsewhere. Sales opportunities were lost too.All this put in concert resulted in the fact that, the project was only 85% comple te because the delay in completion too was charged to Woodys account.c.Cost ControlAn experienced team of experts with knowledge of quantities and historical pricing, project management and field supervision, should provide the expertise on all elements relating to cost control, including budgeting, estimating, value engineering and the qualification of subcontractors. The Woody 2000 project steering committee would receive formal reports weekly from Mr. Moneysworth and Mr. Cashman.The following cost control methods can be implemented throughout the pre-construction and construction phases of the projectBudget PlanningIn the budgeting phase of the project, the current projected costs of the project can be compared with the initial budget so that the cost doesnt escalate. It has to be ensured that the work involved meets the projected goalsEstimatingDefinitive estimates should be made through schematic design, design development and construction documents stages of the project.Work h as to be done in mating with the various prime subcontractors in developing estimates that can be tracked in a similar format to simplify the reconciliation at each estimate phase.Conceptual setAn in-house cost coding system can be developed, to expand into more detailed pricing as the design progresses. A computer-aided quantity survey system would allow to accurately produce the basic quantities for the project.Cost ForecastingPrior to the start of the construction phase, transfer the estimate into a cost forecasting format used by project management staff to track costs throughout the project to completion. This estimating process built from each stage to a Guaranteed Maximum Price estimate, would check it against previous work.Cost Accounting/TrackingOnce the contract price is determined, the estimated labor, material and subcontractor costs can be allocated among standard cost accounts at a level of detail appropriate for tracking individual tasks against the project budget.P rocurement and LaborThe procurement cycle begins as purchase orders, subcontracts and change orders are committed, then immediately documented and simultaneously recorded in the cost system. Actual labor costs, together with work-in-progress, can be recorded on a weekly basis through the payroll system.Cost ReportingCost reports are comprehensive and responsive to the specific needs of the project. Labor reports, printed at the job site weekly, can be used by project management to review progress and costs. Vendor commitments and expenditures, pick out in various level of detail, can be monitored in several reports. Actual job cost detail can be reported on a limited date range, a group of cost accounts, or for the entire project to date.PurchasingA system must be followed that solicits competitive bids from subcontractors and suppliers based upon a set of defined bidding procedures. In conjunction with the owner, this would identify qualified and capable subcontractors and supplie rs taking into consideration their previous experience, workload, ability to perform, and monetary capability. Pre-bid meetings can be conducted for the purpose of assisting subcontractors in understanding the bid documents, design intent and project requirementsSubcontractor QualificationThe subcontractor qualification process remains an important part of cost and project control. However, subcontractors cannot be arbitrarily eliminated from the project unless warranted by serious business indicators. The subcontractor qualification process is an important step in evaluating the apparent low bidders for capability to satisfactorily perform the scope of work. Additionally, the evaluation can reveal early signs of weakness, which can be supported to ensure a quality performance.PricingPrices should be obtained from a minimum of three pre-qualified bidders for each category of work on the project. The accuracy and dependability of subcontractor pricing should be directly related to t he capacity of information furnished to the bidders.d.Flow Chart for processing changesCost ForecastingConceptual PricingEstimatingBudget PlanningPurchasingCost ReportingProcurement LabourCost TrackingSub Contracting11. luck Identification and Controlb c.List of Woodys Actual SurprisesThe allocated budget for the project was pegged at $17 million, with 18 months as the time frame for the construction. Mr.Moneysworth invited Expert Industrial Developers to quote on the planned expansion. The fixed price quotation which was given by the firm amounted to $ 20 million and an 18 month schedule.Mr. Ian Leadbetter was appointed for running the project, despite his lack of knowledge in project management training and experience. On vestige of EID, that Woodys should take over the procurement of the production train directly, the entire production train specification had to be changed to increase the capacity and consequently the program codes too.Change in the production plan resulted i n another 5 feet being added to the height of the building.Catalogue descriptions and specifications were not received until the foundations had been pouredThe surplus paint disposal method didnt meet the environmental standards as specified by the inspection authorityFailure to obtain the building occupation certificateFailure of the tie-in of the power and other utility connectionsResponse to the aboveCosts arising from these changes, including the delay in the completion were charged tto Woodys account. To mitigate the effect of only 85% completion, Cashman was forced to sputter for an additional line of project financing at prime plus 2.5% interest. Liquid cash was spent at every such instance. A unified marketing effort was launched to regain the interest of the customer, which didnt have much effect.Possible chance Management PlanThe implementers of the project could have followed a 4 prong Risk Management PlanRisk Identification Identify potential risks as a part of the pr oject. Case specific potential risks can include securing permits and bad weather conditions which may hamper the construction work. A 10% contingency can be accorded to the construction schedule. Care should be taken to ensure that schedule creep doesnt happen.There can be 4 categories of risk included as a part of the Risk Management Plan Technical Risk This includes a review of the quality and performance goals of the project. Proper installation of the lag bolts, coordination with the drawing shops and the foundation contractor etc. come under this.Project Management Resources This includes improper planning and allocation of resources and improper use of management disciplines. Coordination between the owners interface and the appropriate contractors can be a part of this.Organizational Risks This should ensure that the there are enough human resources allocated to the project and that there are no conflicts between the project staff and the employees of the Custom Wood Workin g company. outside Risk These risks can be caused by external parties such as regulatory agencies, labor contracts and supplier restrictions. There should be proper coordination with utility companies and that all equipments and systems should be approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies.Risk Assessment This can be done by 2 methods Static and Dynamic assessment. magical spell static risk assessment is

Essay --

In the mind of Anselm he had noticed that there lacks to be something that follows from all of this if a existence is perfect by definition, indeed that creation must exist. Anselm believed that if a perfect being did not exist, then it would not be perfect. In which it would be impossible for God not to exist, for if He did not exist, there would be no definition of a perfect being. God is a necessary being. The example of you and I as perfect beings is not conceivable because we are not necessary beings, in our past if there were any change, then we would not exist. God is however different, He had to exist. This entire innovation is known as the Ontological Argument. Though the Ontological Argument is very precise in being able to prove that there needs to be an existent perfect being to be able to have a perfect being. There are several flaws within this argument. For all of Anselms arguments to work, we would need a notion of content of his proposition that God is the high est human conception. We would also need a correlation between the conception of being in a general way of matching up to the idea of a unconditional Being. The problem that Anselm has is that there is not a being that matches up to the type of being that God is. If God were in existence, he would have to be in separable parts and divided into many places if he were to consist of being omnipresent. So He cannot be a perfect one being unless he was multiple beings of reality. What Anselm also didnt cover was the fact of God being a Personal God. When Anselm came up with the line of reasoning known as the Ontological Argument. His argument provides no place or a need for the perfect being to be personal. Which is a big deal being a christian, believing in Inc... ...understanding. Which would mean that this person was greater than God. But nothing can be greater than God. Hence it is not true that God exists in the understanding but not in reality. In conclusion, the formulation of t he argument from a metaphysical assumption and both philosophical and theological argument takes its false standpoint that builds up an entire edifice on assumptions that werent questioned back in Anselms day. Anselm then could not question whether being was continuous or discontinuous across cultures which philosophers developed much later. The argument is thus flawed insofar as it relies on a definition of the Supreme Being that is conditioned by human reason, while also assuming giving positive, univocal identification to created being and Supreme Being. Resting his theory in general on a divine exemplarism, which has not yet been proven.

The Black Cat - Abnormal Madness :: Poe The Black Cat Essays

The Black Cat - Abnormal Madness   It seems that almost e really Edgar Allen Poe story ever written has a much deeper and darker meaning recondite inside its lines.  Many of these pieces are demented enough even if the reader does not read "between the lines." "The Black Cat" is an example of this kind of story.  In this morbid look into the narrators mind, the reader follows the narrator as he does many disturbing things in his household.  This story, like many of Poes other pieces, is a venture into anomalous psychology where the narrator is completely insane, not only because of the horrible things he does to his cat and his wife, but because of his state of mind that he shows the reader throughout the story.      At the beginning of the story, the narrator makes the writing out to be "plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a series of mere household events" (p. 1495).  As the story progresses, the reader finds out that this is > clearly not at all the case.  The events within the text of this account are unmistakably the ramblings of a madman who cannot seem to control his actions and keeps drifting deeper and deeper into insanity.  In the first divide of the story, the narrator begins to defend himself by saying that he is not mad.  This definitely seems like he is trying to reassure himself more than the reader of his state of mind.  This seems to be Poes way of gradually easing into showing the reader that this story is, in fact, an exploration into the abnormal psychology of the human mind.     The narrator says that from his childhood, he has been considered a very docile person.  He also mentions in the first part of the story that his "My tenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the wit of my companions" (p. 1495).  At the point in the story when he says all this, it seems fairly feasible.  However, as the reader goes on to read, the rest of the story, they find out that this is not the narrators perplex demeanor in the least.  Just from seeing what is obvious about the narrator and not even reading deeper into his mindset, the reader can gather that the man is likely not a reliable source for correct information.